%PDF-1.3 % 1 0 obj <> endobj 2 0 obj <> endobj 4 0 obj <> endobj 10 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>stream 8;Z]!>n2B-%"l7n"a:ts<('27@QKL[^.?W!O7Y^O@J*4o\(q,MD!6/rrKitKrC^0".HqpW"$3VVQndec5A r,!gN;\`bto;8.A(qg24PtImeYIoYtRKifu\>,5~> endstream endobj 14 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceRGB 255 15 0 R] endobj 15 0 obj <>stream J,g]g+e/h_!_gCtO=0f)$P%cIi8Zdfc5&3j_8$7g.@L`YKUJNGBP\poR=_;Dl'P(T (7Boo^^S:71(MN]ZQX/+Cbu.lK"p74pe1T%s.DY%&\1TdJhr54.M9au6>79n6`Q:4 PbLSZTLEE(8E@'*1mg_*eTnN*;*'V3+gm-EEetX%;Bo$ur2ss*N`.-!.kG_q6GDD' dKoL!8Ka#EV,@V!\j8ZFbp6EE<9cn=N6j0nf;(&;QU6bUD')c@\ 9-d\DA=cZ0Q>gIM$$;cd2O@&a;X,Nn_aP(]I1aRc(K1^ue> gF/(+GaKo$qneLWDrQ#;5\S(\$q'4Q,85`-8;S(=Z"WSBOV*FM)4,?B],R endstream endobj 12 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.0844 Tw [(distr)10(ess)37.2(. Suppose that the action w)11.8(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h w)12.7(e)0.1( ar)9.1(e to ima)-10(gine that the)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0163 Tw [(kind per)-19.1(son sees to be r)10.9(e)0.1(quir)10(ed is that of)-351.8(helping to calm the per)-18.2(son)]TJ T* 0.0627 Tw [(down. If)-432.8(m)23.2(y)0( stor)-19.1(y is right it will be true that the kind per)-19.1(son sees)]TJ T* 0.2391 Tw [(that this action is r)11.8(e)0.1(quir)10(e)0(d only if)-607.3(it is true that she sees it is)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tw [(r)9.6(e)0.1(quir)10(ed from the w)11.8(ay the situation looks)36.3(. Now it is true that situa-)]TJ T* -0.0318 Tw [(tions of)-337.3(this sor)-9.1(ta per)-20(son in evident distr)11.8(ess and calling on y)20.9(ou f)10.9(o)-0.2(r)]TJ T* 0.0272 Tw [(helpcan be r)9.1(emar)10(kab)32.7(ly di)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)-20(se with r)9.1(espect to the w)11.8(ay they look.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0646 Tw [(But that is not to the point. What is r)10.8(e)0(quir)9.9(ed is not that the situa-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0854 Tw [(tions in question should hav)20.9(e a c)10.9(haracteristic appearance)20.9(, b)20(u)-0.1(t that)]TJ T* 0.0636 Tw [(the actual situation should hav)18.1(e an appearance w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h is distincti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)]TJ T* 0.0273 Tw [(of)-397.3(situations w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h call f)10.9(or the specified action \(so that, as a matter)]TJ T* 0.16 Tw [(of)-530(contingent f)10(act, most situations w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9(h hav)20.9(e the appearance in)]TJ T* 0.0363 Tw [(question ar)10(e ones w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h call f)10.9(or the specified action\). Now it is not)]TJ T* 0.24 Tw [(altogether implausib)32.7(le to suppose that this condition is actually)]TJ T* 0.25 Tw [(metthat as a matter of)-620.9(contingent f)9.1(act most situations w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9(h)]TJ T* 0.0754 Tw [(looked like the actual situation w)19.9(ould be ones w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h called f)10(or the)]TJ T* 0.0517 Tw [(action in question, if)-421.8(the actual situation called f)9.1(or suc)9.1(h action. So)]TJ T* 0.1236 Tw [(it is at least not ob)12.7(vious that making appearances fundamental to)]TJ T* 0.2981 Tw [(per)13.6(ceptual knowledge)19.1(, ev)20(en under the r)10.9(estricti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( conception of)]TJ T* 0.0217 Tw [(appearances w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h I hav)19(e outlined, rules out the possibility of)-394.6(per-)]TJ T* 0.0845 Tw [(ceptual moral knowledge)28.1(. F)40.8(or all I hav)20.9(e said ther)10.9(e might be other)]TJ T* -0.02 Tw [(considerations \(suc)9.1(h as Harman)19()20.2(s)0( on suppor)-10.9(t b)12.7(y)0( evidence\) w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9(h do)]TJ T* 0.1254 Tw [(rule out suc)10.9(h a possibility)127.2(, b)20.9(ut I shall not discuss these her)11.8(e)27.1(.)0.2( My)]TJ T* 0.2036 Tw [(main concer)-12.8(n has been to spell out some plausib)30.9(le general con-)]TJ T* 0.1781 Tw [(straints on per)12.7(ceptual knowledge)19.1(, w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9(h ar)10(e r)10(elev)20(ant to deciding)]TJ T* 0.0809 Tw [(w)12.7(hat does or does not f)8.2(all within the scope of)-451.8(w)12.7(hat can be known)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(per)13.6(ceptually)126.3(, not to def)10.9(end the possibility of)-394.6(moral knowledge)27.2(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 20.1445 -2.1818 TD [(Uni)-12.8(v)12.8(e)0.2(r)27.2(sity of)-392.8(Stir)26.3(ling)]TJ /F3 1 Tf -20.1445 33.3809 TD (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (88)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 11 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 19 0 obj <> endobj 21 0 obj <>stream H  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ ? endstream endobj 20 0 obj <>stream H  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  endstream endobj 18 0 obj <> endobj 22 0 obj <> endobj 17 0 obj <> endobj 23 0 obj <> endobj 16 0 obj <> endobj 24 0 obj <> endobj 9 0 obj <> endobj 27 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDn>nVf5%"l+j"a_9aAI";T/_q+Ra,U]0KmX?(MS-2tqeSkfc'>Carn'hA%`j*J -$=p3.Ke$(\rTnC"$'26QfidMW='K=!>j&qp/oM;=CRgp43-pIk#=d0@ %cuC,e(2>m7D]JqZ6;?Tl1d8"Eul0gdbg@J5Le@d^kiJnXr\7=V)ZHAnMphZjgu.= N=$Ss<:)ND,tf:+Het+\I*U7d_+Eet)^[Su]LI9qSDaF2cO$.$oB_h>S3Q'@>3'`c \1GPOq@h(#lP]a406*E~> endstream endobj 26 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.049 Tw [(case is along the right lines then it is mor)7.2(e r)9.1(estricti)-5.5(v)20.1(e)27.1(. T)-16.4(he par)-10(tic)9.1(le)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0154 Tw [(is not seen because ther)11.8(e is no w)13.6(ay in w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h it, rather than the ef)-10(f)9.5(ect)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.04 Tw [(it produces)51.7(, looks)36.2(. )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 8.2636 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0401 Tw [(A f)27.2(o)0.4(r)26.3(tiori)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 4.0491 0 TD 0.0399 Tw [(, w)11.8(e)0( do not hav)19(e per)12.7(ceptual knowledge)]TJ -12.3127 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw [(that a par)-9.1(tic)10(le is passing through. What about the other cases? Her)10.9(e)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(I confine m)23.6(yself)-396.4(to a f)10.9(ew brief)-395.5(r)9.6(emar)10.9(ks)37.2(.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.1536 Tw [(W)60.1(e)0( need fir)-19.1(st to take note of)-521.8(an implication of)-522.8(the view I am)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.01 Tw [(def)10(ending: if)-379.1(one knows per)12.7(ceptually that A is an F from the w)14.5(ay it)]TJ T* -0.0245 Tw [(appear)-19.1(s)51.5(,)0( r)10.9(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( to some sense)20(, then A m)39.9(u)-0.1(st hav)20.9(e an appearance r)10(el-)]TJ T* 0.0372 Tw [(ati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( to that sense w)11.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h is \(near)19.1(ly enough\) )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 19.2482 0 TD 0 Tw [(distincti)-12.8(v)12.8(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 4.5818 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0374 Tw [(of)-407.4(Fs in that)]TJ -23.83 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0.0027 Tw [(most things w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h hav)20(e that appearance ar)10.9(e Fs)37.2(. T)-16.4(h)-0.1(is is r)10.9(e)0.1(quir)9.1(ed f)10.9(o)-0.2(r)]TJ T* 0.099 Tw [(per)13.6(ceptual discrimination to be possib)34.5(le; only if)-467.3(ther)10(e ar)10(e w)13.6(ays of)]TJ T* 0.1399 Tw [(appearing that ar)10(e \(near)20(ly enough\) distincti)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.1( of)-510.9(Fs is it possib)32.7(le)]TJ T* 0.0445 Tw [(r)10.5(eliab)32.7(ly to f)10(orm true beliefs or judgments that a thing is an F from)]TJ T* 0.1645 Tw [(its appearance)27.2(. It is not r)9.1(e)0.1(quir)10(ed that Fs hav)19(e a \(near)19.1(ly enough\))]TJ /F4 1 Tf T* 0 Tw [(c)26.9(har)88.1(acteristic)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 5.7336 0 TD -0.0273 Tw [(appearance)19(, w)12.7(her)10(e that means an appearance that most)]TJ -5.7336 -1.0909 TD 0.0417 Tw [(Fs hav)20.9(e)27.1(. F)39.9(or the c)10.9(laim is not that usually w)13.6(hen an F is pr)10.9(esent one)]TJ T* 0.0273 Tw [(can tell that it is an F from its appearance)21.8(, b)20.9(ut only that it is some-)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(times possib)33.6(le to tell that something is an F from its appearance)30(. )]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0963 Tw [(I hav)20(e alr)9.1(ead)9.9(y sided with McDow)11.8(ell in accepting that ther)9.1(e ar)9.1(e)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0218 Tw [(psyc)10(hological conditions suc)10(h that one can sometimes hav)18.1(e per)13.6(cep-)]TJ T* 0.1154 Tw [(tual knowledge that a per)-19.1(son is in suc)10.9(h a condition from the w)13.6(a)0(y)]TJ T* 0.1199 Tw [(that per)-19.1(son appear)-20(s)36.9(.)0.3( T)-16.4(he view I hav)18.1(e def)10(ended gi)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0(s us a w)11.8(ay of)]TJ T* 0.0481 Tw [(making sense of)-417.3(this)37.2(. What is r)10.9(e)0.1(quir)9.1(ed f)10.9(or us to be ab)33.6(le to tell that)]TJ T* 0.0972 Tw [(someone is expr)10(essing anxiety from the w)13.6(ay he looks is that ther)9(e)]TJ T* -0.0282 Tw [(should be looks w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e \(near)20.9(ly enough\) distincti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0.1( of)-341.8(expr)10(essions)]TJ T* 0.0482 Tw [(of)-418.2(anxiety)131.8(. It is plausib)31.8(le that this condition is met since it is plau-)]TJ T* 0.2391 Tw [(sib)32.7(le that ther)10.9(e ar)10(e demeanour)-20(s w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h, in suitab)34.5(le contexts)51.8(, ar)10.9(e)]TJ T* 0.2026 Tw [(\(near)20(ly enough\) distincti)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.1( of)-571.8(expr)10(essions of)-571.8(anxiety)131.8(. \(Note that)]TJ T* 0.2972 Tw [(suc)10.9(h knowledge unprob)32.7(lematically satisfies the per)12.7(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed-object)]TJ T* -0.0055 Tw [(condition, since it is knowledge r)9.1(e)-18.4(gar)13.6(ding the per)-20(son w)11.8(ho expr)10(esses)]TJ T* 0.1654 Tw [(anxiety)127.2(, not knowledge r)10(e)-17.5(gar)12.7(ding an in)27.2(visib)32.7(le entity w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9(h is the)]TJ T* 0.059 Tw [(possessor of)-429.1(anxiety)132.7(.\) It looks plausib)31.8(le)20(, too)27.2(, that w)11.7(e)0( can hav)20(e per-)]TJ T* 0.0963 Tw [(ceptual knowledge of)-466.4(w)12.7(hat people say)126.3(, from the w)12.7(ays they sound,)]TJ T* 0.0926 Tw [(because ther)10.9(e ar)9.1(e w)13.6(ays of)-462.8(sounding w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h in suitab)33.6(le contexts ar)10(e)]TJ T* 0.0262 Tw [(\(near)20(ly enough\) distincti)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.1( of)-395.5(the sayings in question. )]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD -0.02 Tw [(What of)-349.1(the moral cases? Some of)-348.2(these seem to g)10(o)0( the other w)13.6(a)0(y)131.8(.)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.059 Tw [(T)-15.3(his is true f)10(or thin moral concepts like those of)-426.4(right and wrong)46.3(.)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(It is not generally true that right and wrong actions hav)22.7(e distincti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)]TJ T* 0.0063 Tw [(appearances r)10.9(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( to sight or an)14.5(y other sense)27.2(. How)13.6(ev)20(er)90(, the kinds)]TJ T* 0.0163 Tw [(of)-386.4(cases w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h inter)10(est McDow)11.7(ell need mor)10(e car)9.1(eful consideration,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0219 Tw [(and cer)-9(tainly a fuller tr)11.9(eatment than I can giv)20.2(e)0( her)11(e)27.2(.)0.4( T)-15.4(hese ar)10.1(e cases)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.05 Tw [(in w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h the kind per)-20(son makes judgments to the ef)-12.8(f)10.4(ect that a cer-)]TJ T* 0.0236 Tw [(tain situation calls f)10.9(or some specified action. Suppose that the situ-)]TJ T* -0.0137 Tw [(ation is someone)20(s tur)-11.9(ning up at one)20(s door late at night and in gr)9.6(eat)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 49.7445 TD 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (87)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 25 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 8 0 obj <> endobj 30 0 obj <>stream 8;ZEZ9+o)q$j4l3s+7rpS,T?<`KSB:*P>b\j6AY#.@C'.[B4oFW2f"'p5,tk8b8\+ 4+]QQ'r4U+b;qA%M%f&l,+``$BgESA(4r?1F&&(.mot#XjHNj2M=E;KOR]Iq.%Pcs \=U`D@;']hTkI/j)*-)`(ACfhO''eW endstream endobj 29 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.1809 Tw [(in the f)10(ormation of)-550.9(beliefs and judgments)35.4(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 299.19 591.0701 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (22)Tj 11 0 0 11 309.78 587.3201 Tm 0 Tc 0.1809 Tw [(To be w)12.7(a)0.4(r)11.8(ranted in)]TJ -20.4309 -1.0909 TD 0.0309 Tw [(ascribing to the pigeon a belief)-400.9(that an object is a slide of)-401.8(a tr)10(ee w)12.7(e)]TJ T* 0.139 Tw [(w)20(ould hav)20(e to be ab)34.5(le to impute to it some under)-17.3(standing \(some)]TJ T* 0.0126 Tw [(conception\) of)-381.8(w)12.7(hat slides of)-381.8(tr)10(ees ar)10.9(e)27.1(.)0.3( T)-16.4(her)10(e is no need to do so to)]TJ T* 0.0099 Tw [(make sense of)-378.2(the pigeon)19.9()19.3(s)0( behaviour)97.2(. T)-15.5(he impor)-10(t of)-379.1(the c)10(laim that)]TJ T* 0.0036 Tw (it discriminates )Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.9882 0 TD [(slides of)-370(tr)40(ees )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 5.7655 0 TD [(is simply that it dif)-12.8(f)10.4(e)0.4(r)9.1(entiates slides of)]TJ -12.7536 -1.0909 TD 0.0254 Tw [(tr)10(ees from slides not of)-394.6(tr)10(ees)50.9(, in that it r)10.9(esponds in a cer)-10(tain w)13.6(ay to)]TJ T* 0.0981 Tw [(the slides in the f)10(ormer c)9.1(lass and does not r)10(espond in that w)12.7(ay to)]TJ T* 0.0708 Tw [(slides in the latter c)9(lass)37.2(. Now)130.8(, it is possib)31.8(le f)10(or someone to be ab)31.8(le)]TJ T* 0.2036 Tw [(visually to discriminate things having the look of)-576.4(apples)51.8(, in the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0683 Tw (sense just explained, without bringing these things under the con-)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.1481 Tw [(cept of)-517.3(things having the look of)-518.2(an apple)20(,)0( or an)12.7(y other concept)]TJ T* -0.0128 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h might be used to specify how apples look. All that is r)8.2(e)0.1(quir)10(e)0.1(d)]TJ T* 0.0508 Tw [(is that the per)-20(son should r)10.9(e)0(spond dif)-13.7(f)10.4(er)10(entially to per)11.8(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed things)]TJ T* 0.1436 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h hav)20.9(e the look of)-510.9(apples)36.3(. Suppose now that the dif)-10(f)9.5(e)0.4(r)10(ential)]TJ T* 0.0181 Tw [(r)9.6(esponse is )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 5.0464 0 TD [(belie)-21.9(ving \(non-infer)40.9(entiall)20(y\) tha)-12.8(t the thing per)48.1(cei)-12.8(v)12.8(ed is an)]TJ -5.0464 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw (apple)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.2609 0 TD 0.0453 Tw [(. T)-16.4(hen the discriminati)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( capacity in question is a capacity to)]TJ -2.2609 -1.0909 TD -0.03 Tw [(believ)20(e of)-339.1(per)12.7(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed things having the look of)-337.3(an apple)20.9(,)0( that they ar)10.9(e)]TJ T* -0.0163 Tw [(apples)37.2(. It is a conceptual capacity)124.5(, because the dif)-13.7(f)9.5(e)0.4(r)10(ential acti)-6.4(vity is)]TJ T* 0.0563 Tw [(that of)-425.5(bringing the discriminated objects under the concept of)-422.8(an)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(apple)19.8(, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.9155 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0281 Tw [(b)-20.2(ut it need not inv)11.8(olv)12.7(e bringing these things under concepts per-)]TJ -2.9155 -1.0909 TD 0.2554 Tw [(taining just to appear)87.2(ances)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 11.8073 0 TD 0.2553 Tw [(. T)-16.4(he proposal, then, so f)9.1(ar as visual)]TJ -11.8073 -1.0909 TD 0.0609 Tw [(knowledge is concer)-12.8(ned, is that to tell per)12.7(ceptually that something)]TJ T* 0.0463 Tw (is an F )Tj /F4 1 Tf 3.3391 0 TD [(fr)32.7(om the w)19.9(a)12.8(y it looks )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 9.14 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(in)26.2(v)12.7(olv)19.9(es judging that it is an F b)11.7(y)0( w)12.6(a)-0.1(y)]TJ -12.4791 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0.1445 Tw [(ex)12.7(er)12.7(cising a capacity f)10(or discriminating things having the look of)]TJ T* 0.0053 Tw [(Fs)36.3(. T)-16.4(her)10(e is no need to suppose that the subject w)9(ho can tell b)10.9(y)-0.1( the)]TJ T* 0.0145 Tw [(look of)-384.6(something that it is an apple m)39(u)-0.1(st hav)20.9(e inf)10(e)0.4(r)12.7(r)9.6(ed that it is an)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(apple from a prior assumption as to how it looks)39.1(.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.1854 Tw [(T)-15.3(his proposal gi)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0(s us a w)12.7(ay of)-555.5(r)9.6(econciling the intuition that)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0009 Tw [(w)12.7(hat is per)12.7(ceptually manif)10(est, in the strict sense)20(, is fundamental f)10(o)-0.2(r)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(per)13.6(ceptual knowledge)19.1(, with the intuition shar)10.9(ed b)12.7(y)0( non-inf)10(er)9(ential-)]TJ T* 0.0236 Tw [(ists)51.8(, that mor)10.9(e can be per)13.6(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed \(and thus non-inf)10.9(er)10(entially known\))]TJ T* 0.0345 Tw [(to be so than can be per)11.8(ceptually manif)10(est in that sense)26.3(. T)-16.4(he ques-)]TJ T* 0.289 Tw [(tion w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h now arises is w)14.5(hether the r)10.9(esulting theor)-20(y is mor)10.9(e)]TJ T* 0.0882 Tw [(r)9.6(estricti)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( about the scope of)-456.4(per)13.6(ceptual knowledge than the non-)]TJ T* 0.1845 Tw [(inf)10(er)10(ential approac)9.1(h. If)-554.6(m)23.2(y)0.1( tr)9.1(eatment of)-553.7(the sub-atomic par)-10.9(tic)10(le)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 41.0173 TD 0.0264 Tw (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (86)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 152.6 323.15 -85.89 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 149.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (22)Tj 10 0 0 10 105.03 145.63 Tm 0 Tc 0.083 Tw [(As Peter Car)12.9(ruther)-19(s notes)52(, in )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 13.37 0 TD [(Human Kno)-21.1(wledg)19.9(e and Human Na)-12.1(tur)39.9(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf -15.369 -1.1 TD 0.048 Tw [(\(Oxf)10(or)13(d Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-20(sity Pr)10(ess)52(, 1992\), 95, in one sense in w)9.9(hic)9.9(h theorist might)]TJ T* 0.234 Tw [(use the term concept, to hav)19.9(e a capacity f)9(or discriminating triang)12.9(les)]TJ T* 0.098 Tw [(w)20(ould entail having a concept of)-466(a triang)12.9(le)26.9(. Car)12.9(ruther)-20.1(s doubts that con-)]TJ T* 0.076 Tw [(cepts in this sense figur)10.9(e in beliefs and judgments)38(. I pr)10(ef)10(er not to tr)10.9(eat a)]TJ T* 0.0929 Tw [(cr)10(eatur)9.9(e w)12.9(ho can discriminate triang)13.9(les as having a concept of)-462(a triang)12.9(le)]TJ T* 0.22 Tw [(unless its dif)-13(f)10(e)0.1(r)10(ential r)10(esponse to triang)12.9(les in)26.9(v)13(olv)19.9(es a capacity to f)10(o)0(rm)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(beliefs to the ef)-13(f)10(ect that the discriminated objects ar)10(e triang)12.9(les)36.9(.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 28 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 7 0 obj <> endobj 33 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDoi=:Jo#_`*S0?EHq9,;C/*A@`#fe39.NHcOEZ&8IS>'h;U]=G*0i.kIskBE:& L82?\^E@,@B0]U>M4BZ9MIS0?UFS@TWkKe]EDT5o#73=5p"[E`TYM,WL#/XEcH4&b $u$.up[^#@jobZk-!7ut4`E$NkYoUd`#Z0e0+u4iqH-HT76=6H*9Si=F5e/%`8_P3 `GRSp;hc6$;Sq[bFVQ:qErkkm:W!!M1.7mEn)9eYCqjio55N!;0$Eql[MeN)(0`'! Ki3c7pBJ)94bO!$EmVOB))>#cp-4k^E!-&:/k('p!5IcaNW~> endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc -0.0127 Tw [(w)12.7(ay explained. But despite its attractions)51.8(, the proposal is open to an)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0818 Tw [(objection w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h, ev)20(en if)-451.8(not decisi)-5.5(v)20.1(e)19.8(, is pow)13.6(erful enough to moti-)]TJ T* 0.0218 Tw [(v)20.1(ate a sear)13.6(c)9.8(h)-0.1( f)10(or a better account. T)-15.5(he objection is that, on the f)10(ace)]TJ T* 0.0099 Tw [(of)-379.1(it, someone might hav)20.9(e the capacity f)10.9(or visual per)14.5(ceptual knowl-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0035 Tw [(edge that an apple is ther)8(e)20.6(,)-0.1( without having the conceptual r)8(esour)12.6(ces)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0581 Tw [(f)10.4(or f)9.1(orming beliefs per)-10(taining to the look of)-430(apples)37.2(. Empiricism in)]TJ T* 0.189 Tw [(its c)10(lassic f)10(orms)52.7(,)0( does not enter)-10(tain suc)9.1(h a possibility because it)]TJ T* 0.2718 Tw [(assumes that concepts r)10(elating to appearances ar)10(e bound to be)]TJ T* -0.0382 Tw [(acquir)10(ed ear)20(lier than sor)-9.1(tal concepts)52.7(, like those of)-330.9(f)9.5(amiliar fruits and)]TJ T* 0.0436 Tw [(v)20.1(e)-17.5(getab)32.7(les)37.2(. But w)12.7(hatev)20(er empiricists may hav)20(e thought, ther)10(e is no)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tw [(g)10.1(ood r)10(eason to rule out )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 10.3118 0 TD 0.0073 Tw (a priori)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4318 0 TD 0.0072 Tw [(the possibility that one could hav)19.1(e a)]TJ -13.7436 -1.0909 TD [(grasp of)-376.4(sor)-10(tal concepts)52.7(, without having acquir)10.9(ed concepts per)-9.1(tain-)]TJ T* 0.0418 Tw [(ing to appearances)36.3(. In f)10(act it is actually rather plausib)31.8(le that some-)]TJ T* 0.2318 Tw [(one might lear)-12.8(n to discriminate apples b)11.8(y)0( sight without having)]TJ T* 0.1145 Tw [(acquir)10(ed an)13.6(y concept of)-483.7(the look of)-482.8(an apple)28.1(.)0( And ther)10(e ar)10(e psy-)]TJ T* 0.0526 Tw [(c)9.8(hologists w)13.6(ho hold that the concepts w)9.9(e)0( acquir)10(e fir)-20(st ar)9.1(e not con-)]TJ T* 0.1518 Tw [(cepts of)-520.9(f)9.5(eatur)10(es of)-520.9(objects)51.8(, b)20.9(ut sor)-9.1(tal concepts of)-520.9(objects w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(shar)10(e a cer)-9.1(tain appearance)27.2(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 174.11 387.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (20)Tj 11 0 0 11 183 383.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.0263 Tw [(So let us take a dif)-11.9(f)10.4(e)0.4(r)9.1(ent tac)10.9(k)0.3(.)]TJ -11.5236 -1.0909 TD 0.0272 Tw [(W)60.1(e)0.1( ar)10(e looking f)10(or an account of)-396.4(w)13.6(hat it is to tell that something)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.1008 Tw [(is an apple from the w)15.4(ay it looks)38.1(. T)-15.5(he prob)32.7(lem with the pr)10.9(evious)]TJ T* 0.079 Tw [(proposal w)13.6(as that it assumed that this in)28.1(v)12.8(olv)20(ed knowing)33.6(, and thus)]TJ T* 0.1227 Tw [(believing)34.5(, that the thing has the look of)-491.9(an apple)27.2(.)0( But a dif)-11.9(f)9.5(e)0.4(r)10(ent)]TJ T* 0.1963 Tw [(account is av)19(ailab)32.7(le w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h in)26.3(v)12.8(okes the notion of)-567.3(a )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 23.4564 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(discrimina)-13.8(t)-0.4(i)-11.9(v)12.7(e)]TJ -23.4564 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc (capacity)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.5318 0 TD -0.0209 Tw [(. A cr)10(eatur)10(e can be said to discriminate Fs b)11.8(y)0( sense M w)12.7(hen)]TJ -3.5318 -1.0909 TD [(it has the capacity to r)10(espond in a distincti)-6.4(v)19.2(e)0( w)13.6(ay to Fs w)11.8(h)0.1(ic)10(h it per-)]TJ T* 0.1373 Tw [(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(es via M. An example is the trained pigeon)20.9()20.2(s)0( capacity to dis-)]TJ T* 0.25 Tw [(criminate photographic slides of)-620(tr)10(ees from photographic slides)]TJ T* 0.0254 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e not of)-394.6(tr)10(ees)36.3(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 152.8 267.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (21)Tj 11 0 0 11 161.68 263.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.0254 Tw [(T)-16.2(he capacity might consist in a capacity to)]TJ -10.6164 -1.0909 TD 0.129 Tw [(r)10.5(espond to visually per)13.6(cei)-6.4(v)20.1(ed slides of)-498.2(a tr)10.9(ee b)12.7(y)0( pec)10(king a device)]TJ T* 0.0572 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h r)10.9(eleased f)10(ood. T)-15.5(he impor)-9.1(tant point is that a capacity to dis-)]TJ T* -0.01 Tw (criminate Fs is not necessarily a capacity to bring Fs under the con-)Tj T* 0.0245 Tw [(cept of)-393.7(an F)180.8(.)0( Although the pigeon discriminates slides of)-393.7(tr)10(ees)51.8(, this)]TJ T* 0.0181 Tw [(is not a matter of)-385.5(its bringing slides of)-387.3(tr)10(ees under the concept of)-386.4(a)]TJ T* 0.0627 Tw [(slide of)-432.8(a tr)10(ee)27.2(. Concepts)51.8(, in the sense intended her)8.1(e)19.8(,)-0.1( ar)10(e employed)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 38.8354 TD 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (85)Tj ET 1 g 44.9 186.61 323.15 -119.9 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 182.03 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (20)Tj 10 0 0 10 63.95 178.63 Tm 0 Tc -0.011 Tw [(I hav)20.9(e in mind the w)19.9(o)0(r)9.9(k)0( of)-358(Eleanor Rosc)9.9(h and her associates on basic-)]TJ -1.905 -1.1 TD -0.037 Tw [(lev)19.9(el cate)-17.1(g)10(ories)37(. F)39.9(or an ov)19.9(er)-16(view)130.9(, see Rosc)9.9(h)20(s Principles of)-332(Cate)-18.1(g)10(orization)19.9()]TJ T* -0.016 Tw [(in E. Rosc)10.9(h and B)12.9(.)0( B)12.9(.)0( Lloy)33.9(d \(eds)37(.\) )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 15.043 0 TD [(Co)-19.1(gnition and Ca)-13.1(te)-19(g)20(oriza)-13.1(tion)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 12.728 0 TD 0 Tw [(\(Hillsdale)19.9(,)]TJ -27.771 -1.1 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0889 Tw [(NJ)100(.: Erb)34(laum, 1978\). A concise summar)-18(y of)-456.9(key ideas is giv)20.1(en in Ulric)11(h)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.324 Tw [(Neisser F)27.9(rom Dir)10(ect Per)14(ception to Conceptual Structur)11(e in Ulric)10.9(h)]TJ T* -0.032 Tw (Neisser \(ed.\) )Tj /F4 1 Tf 5.759 0 TD [(Concepts and Conceptual De)-20.1(v)13(elopment)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 16.404 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0323 Tw [(\(Cambridge Univ)20.3(e)0.4(r)-19.8(sity)]TJ -22.163 -1.1 TD 0 Tc 0.026 Tw [(Pr)9.9(ess)52(, 1987\).)]TJ 5 0 0 5 56.24 105.0301 Tm 0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (21)Tj 10 0 0 10 68.17 101.6301 Tm 0.372 Tw [(Relev)20.9(ant data ar)11.9(e summarised in R. J)104.9(.)0( Her)14(r)-13(nstein, Objects)55(,)]TJ -2.327 -1.1 TD 0 Tc -0.034 Tw [(Cate)-18.1(g)10(ories)52(, and Discriminati)-6(v)21(e)0( Stim)38.9(uli in H. L. Roitb)31.9(lat, T)99.9(.)0( G)66.9(.)0( Bev)19.9(er)90(, and)]TJ T* 0.1799 Tw [(H. S)38.9(.)0( Ter)14(race \(eds)37(.\) )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 9.621 0 TD 0.18 Tw [(Animal Co)-20.1(gnition)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 8.173 0 TD [(\(Hillsdale)19.9(, NJ)99.9(.: Er)20(lbaum, 1984\),)]TJ -17.794 -1.1 TD 0 Tw (23361)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 31 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 6 0 obj <> endobj 36 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDnCCYtN%"ip,$i2p56q;i t^NFKIC"DRf;jO endstream endobj 35 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0.0054 Tc 0 Tw [(looks)38.1(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 113.06 591.0701 Tm 0.0052 Tc (18)Tj 11 0 0 11 122.3 587.3201 Tm 0.0055 Tc 0.0472 Tw [(Dr)10.9(etske seems to me quite right in thinking that the c)20(laim)]TJ -3.3873 -1.0909 TD 0.1245 Tw [(that knowing that the thing is an apple is dependent in this w)32.7(a)0(y)]TJ T* 0.0599 Tw [(does not entail that it is inf)20(e)0.4(r)10(ential. Still, as it stands the proposal)]TJ T* 0.0473 Tw (does not tell us )Tj /F4 1 Tf 7.0845 0 TD 0 Tw [(ho)-20(w )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 2.0173 0 TD 0.047 Tw [(the deriv)20.2(ed knowledge is dependent upon the)]TJ -9.1018 -1.0909 TD -0.0219 Tw [(knowledge as to how the thing looks)42.7(. Granted that it does not come)]TJ T* 0.0899 Tw [(about b)14.4(y)0.1( w)13.5(ay of)-463.7(inf)10.8(er)9.9(ence)20.8(, consider)12.6(ed as a psyc)12.6(hological process)56.3(,)]TJ T* 0.1208 Tw [(w)13.7(e)0( still need some account of)-486.3(how it depends on the mor)18.2(e basic)]TJ T* 0.0109 Tw [(knowledge)29.9(. It is not too dif)-7.4(f)-0.1(icult to supply w)18.1(hat is needed in keep)5.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0262 Tw [(ing with Dr)13.6(etske)21.8(s pictur)11.8(e)27.1(.)0.1( In per)15.5(ception w)15.4(e)0.2( f)10.9(orm, without engag-)]TJ T* -0.0245 Tw [(ing in an)15.3(y inf)11.7(er)9.9(ential process)56.3(,)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 226.21 483.0701 Tm 0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (19)Tj 11 0 0 11 234.65 479.3201 Tm 0.0054 Tc -0.0245 Tw [(a mass of)-346.5(beliefs r)12.6(elating to our per)5.4(-)]TJ -13.6009 -1.0909 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.0017 Tw [(ceiv)20.2(ed sur)14.7(roundings)39.2(. Let us call them )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 16.8582 0 TD [(per)47.3(ception-induced non-infer)6.4(-)]TJ -16.8582 -1.0909 TD 0.219 Tw (ential beliefs)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.4709 0 TD [(. Despite being non-inf)17.3(e)0.4(r)10(ential, suc)13.6(h beliefs can be)]TJ -5.4709 -1.0909 TD 0.0191 Tc 0.3772 Tw [(causally dependent on other beliefs)39.1(, inc)9.1(luding other beliefs)]TJ T* 0.0055 Tc -0.0237 Tw [(acquir)11.8(e)0.1(d in the same w)16.3(a)0.1(y and at the same time)32.7(.)0.3( T)-15.5(hus it may be that)]TJ T* -0.0082 Tw [(y)20.1(ou believ)22.7(e)0( on entering a room that a particular individual, Sam, is)]TJ T* 0.0064 Tw [(pr)10.8(esent. Suc)12.6(h a belief)-377.4(m)-0.1(ight be a per)17.2(ception-induced non-inf)16.3(er)9.9(en-)]TJ T* 0.1255 Tw [(tial belief)48.1(, and yet be dependent on y)27.2(our believing that someone)]TJ T* 0.0882 Tw [(w)13.6(ho has the look of)-460.1(Sam is pr)12.6(esent. T)-14.7(h)-0.1(e latter belief)-460.1(might con-)]TJ T* 0.0518 Tw [(trib)20.8(ute to sustaining the f)13.5(ormer so that, if)-424.6(y)20(ou ceased to hold that)]TJ T* 0.0482 Tw [(someone w)15.3(ho has the look of)-418.3(Sam is pr)13.5(esent, then y)22.6(ou might w)16.2(e)0(ll)]TJ T* 0.1144 Tw [(cease to believ)23.6(e)0( that Sam is pr)12.7(esent, and, if)-486.3(y)20.1(ou w)12.7(e)0.4(r)10.9(e)0.2( f)10(aced with)]TJ T* 0.1527 Tw [(considerations suggesting that it is not Sam w)25.3(ho is pr)11.7(esent, an)14.4(y)]TJ T* 0.0172 Tw [(tendency y)22.7(ou might acquir)14.6(e)0( to abandon the belief)-383.6(t)0.1(hat he is w)23.6(ould)]TJ T* 0.0409 Tw [(hav)20.8(e to r)11.7(e)-0.4(c)10.8(kon with y)22.6(our believing that someone w)20.8(ho has the look)]TJ T* 0.0264 Tw [(of)-401(Sam is pr)12.6(esent.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0.0627 Tw [(Under)-24.6(pinning this approac)10(h is the r)10(ecognition that ev)20(en though)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0745 Tw [(a belief)-444.6(is non-inf)9.1(er)10(ential in the psyc)9(hological senseit has not in)]TJ T* 0.2309 Tw [(f)10.4(act come about b)11.8(y)0( a c)9.1(hain of)-601.8(r)10.5(easoningit may none the less)]TJ T* 0.0054 Tw [(causally depend on other beliefs in a manner w)11.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h makes it appro-)]TJ T* 0.0381 Tw [(priate to r)9.1(e)-18.4(gar)13.6(d it as being sustained, and thus in a sense based on,)]TJ T* 0.0435 Tw [(those other beliefs)36.3(. T)-16.4(his gi)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0(s us a w)11.8(ay of)-414.6(dev)20(eloping the idea that)]TJ T* 0.0481 Tw [(w)12.7(hen y)20(ou know per)12.7(ceptually that something is an apple)17.2(, y)20(ou know)]TJ T* 0.03 Tw [(this from the w)14.5(ay the apple looks)37.2(. It is no objection to this propos-)]TJ T* -0.0181 Tw [(al that w)13.6(e)0( do not routinely think to our)-17.3(selv)20(es that the things w)14.5(e)-0.1( per-)]TJ T* 0.1944 Tw [(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( hav)19(e this or that appearance)27.2(. Muc)9.1(h of)-564.6(w)13.6(hat w)12.7(e)0( believ)20(e)0.1( in)]TJ T* 0.0891 Tw [(immediate r)10(esponse to per)14.5(ception is not in the f)11.8(orm of)-458.2(thinkings-)]TJ T* 0.3136 Tw [(to-our)-20(selv)20.9(es)36.3(. Nor is an)12.7(ything a)16.3(w)-0.3(r)-19.1(y)0( about the idea that beliefs)]TJ T* 0.0363 Tw [(acquir)10(ed non-inf)9.1(er)10(entially can be dependent on other beliefs in the)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 43.1991 TD 0.0264 Tw (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (84)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 132.76 323.15 -66.05 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 127.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (18)Tj 10 0 0 10 107.43 123.63 Tm 0 Tc 0.323 Tw [(A similar view is expr)10.9(essed in W)39.9(illiam P)183.9(.)0( Alston, Concepts of)]TJ -2.239 -1.1 TD 0.346 Tw [(Epistemic J)41.9(ustification)19.9( in his )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 14.524 0 TD [(Epistemic J)-25.1(ustifica)-13.1(tion)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10.495 0 TD [(\(Ithaca: Cor)-12.1(nell)]TJ -25.019 -1.1 TD 0.026 Tw [(Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-20(sity Pr)9.9(ess)51.9(, 1989\), 81114. See especially)126.9(, p)83.9(.)0( 99.)]TJ 5 0 0 5 96.38 94.0301 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (19)Tj 10 0 0 10 107.07 90.63 Tm 0 Tc 0.288 Tw [(Recall that inf)10(er)9.9(ence her)11(e is inf)10(er)9.9(ence at the per)-19.1(sonal lev)20.9(el, not)]TJ -2.203 -1.1 TD 0.044 Tw [(inf)10(er)10(ence-like processes w)11.9(hic)9.9(h may be g)8.9(oing on in sub-per)-21.1(sonal cogniti)-6(v)20(e)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(systems)37(.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 34 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 5 0 obj <> endobj 39 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDo>8Di6&4>.N#%p$j7gb[fCbn9/3I[V&\J%H^Ljt@]Q35(U>bB"tJV'?`goe\V ,^uc-)=+Mr(MO=<6Y)V&l'h8mj-KCD?.ZE/S#UA[rN5s9*ZO;&N/^K(3RoHbk="'C 83LNm\+E_H9IC$rj:-53ZlePm>TYktcLQTVf&$#/gRorfkr<@Nbj[\h)50#]L+/Wh 5jD)*Qfk8`?7(H:YMBAOSeU.0PKR@j-3dY8F7P0lE=Mu**p>@:mej"GZr20un8g+V Yj9O"5G\K6Qr+n8Ml60=&?c*7Rs'l%~> endstream endobj 38 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0.01 Tc 0.0818 Tw [(r)9.6(efute his view)125.4(, b)19(ut to show how w)7.2(e)0( can accommodate the )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 26.8455 0 TD 0 Tw (prima)Tj -26.8455 -1.0909 TD 0.0098 Tc [(f)32.9(acie)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 2.2982 0 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.0381 Tw [(plausib)31(le view that knowing that a per)-35.4(son is expr)5.5(essing anx-)]TJ -2.2982 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw (iety )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.8973 0 TD -0.03 Tw [(fr)31.8(om the w)18.1(a)11.9(y he looks)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 9.2755 0 TD [(is in some manner responsi)-9.1(v)20.1(e)0( to the visu-)]TJ -11.1727 -1.0909 TD 0.1736 Tw [(ally manif)7.2(est f)7.2(act that the per)-25.5(son \(mer)7.2(ely\) looks anxious)44.5(, w)11.8(hile)]TJ T* 0.0099 Tc -0.0254 Tw [(ac)9.9(knowledging)28.9(, with the non-infer)9(entialist, that such knowledge is)]TJ T* 0.0265 Tw [(indeed non-infer)8.9(ential.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 14.0791 -3.8182 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (III)Tj /F2 1 Tf -14.0791 -2.4545 TD 0 Tc 0.0235 Tw [(W)60.1(e)0( can know b)13.6(y)0( sight that something w)12.7(e)0.1( ar)9.1(e looking at is an apple)20(,)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0263 Tw [(though the f)10(act that the thing is an apple is not visually manif)9.1(est in)]TJ T* 0.04 Tw [(the strict sense)27.2(. Gi)-6.4(v)20.1(en m)23.6(y)0( concession to the non-inf)9.1(er)9.1(entialist, it is)]TJ T* -0.0246 Tw [(not open to me to explain w)15.4(hat it is to tell that something is an apple)]TJ T* -0.0182 Tw [(from the w)12.7(ay it looks in terms of)-350.9(coming to a conc)10.9(lusion that it is an)]TJ T* 0.0717 Tw [(apple from a prior assumption as to how it looks)38.1(. Bef)10(o)-0.2(r)10(e)0( outlining)]TJ T* 0.079 Tw [(m)23.2(y)0( own view)131.8(, I w)13.6(ant to consider fir)-19.1(st a proposal w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h meets this)]TJ T* 0.1791 Tw [(constraint, b)19.9(u)-0.1(t w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h is open to objection. T)-16.4(he proposal is sug-)]TJ T* 0.1172 Tw [(gested b)12.7(y)0( a passa)-9.1(ge from a r)10.9(ecent discussion b)14.5(y)0.1( Dr)10(etske w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h is)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(ob)12.7(viously germane to our cur)13.6(r)10.5(ent concer)-12.8(ns:)]TJ 1.0309 -1.6364 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0772 Tw [(W)60.2(e)0.1( see)20.1(, b)13.7(y)0.3( )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 5.1182 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (her)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.6709 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0773 Tw [(expr)10(ession, that )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 7.2909 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (she)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.6091 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0773 Tw [(is ner)-16.4(v)12.8(ous)37.2(. She tells that the)]TJ -15.6891 -1.0909 TD 0.089 Tw [(f)10.4(abric is silk \(not polyester\) b)11.8(y)-0.1( the c)10(haracteristic gr)9.6(easy f)10(eel of)]TJ T* 0.2508 Tw [(the f)10(abric itself)-620.9( . Per)12.7(ceptual knowledge of)-620.9(this sor)-9.1(t is )]TJ /F4 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(deri)-13(v)12.6(e)-0.4(d)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.0727 0 TD 0 Tc [(deri)-5.5(v)20.1(ed )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 4.5491 0 TD 0.0001 Tc [(fr)33.7(om)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 2.2073 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0209 Tw [(the mor)10(e)0( basic f)9.1(acts w)11.7(e)0( use to make the)]TJ -9.8291 -1.0909 TD 0.1163 Tw [(identification. Deri)-5.5(v)20.1(ed knowledge is sometimes described as)]TJ /F4 1 Tf T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(infer)41(ential)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 4.54 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0264 Tw [(b)20.3(ut this is misleading)46.3(. At the conscious lev)18.1(el ther)9.1(e is no)]TJ -4.54 -1.0909 TD -0.0245 Tw [(passa)-9.1(ge of)-345.5(the mind from pr)10.9(emise to conc)10(lusion, no r)10.9(easoning)33.6(, no)]TJ T* 0.1591 Tw [(prob)32.7(lem-solving)47.2(. T)-14.6(h)-0.1(e r)10(esulting knowledge)20.9(, though logically)]TJ T* 0.0309 Tw [(deri)-5.5(v)20.1(ati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)19.8(, is psyc)10.9(hologically immediate)27.2(. It is this psyc)10.9(hologi-)]TJ T* -0.0373 Tw [(cal immediacy that makes indir)11.8(ect per)13.6(ceptual knowledge a species)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0 Tw (of)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.26 0 TD 0.0001 Tc [(per)46.4(c)0.3(eptual)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 4.5855 0 TD 0 Tc [(knowledge)28.1(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 174.79 216.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc (17)Tj 11 0 0 11 44.9 194.32 Tm 0.0055 Tc 0.1499 Tw [(In this passa)-6.4(ge Dr)10.9(etske speaks of)-521.8(the non-inf)12.7(er)10(ential knowledge)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0054 Tw [(under discussion as being deriv)20(ed from the f)14.5(acts)39(. T)-15.6(he sur)15.4(rounding)]TJ T* -0.0055 Tw [(context makes it explicit that he thinks that w)22.7(hen knowledge that )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 28.8564 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (a)Tj /F2 1 Tf -28.8564 -1.0909 TD 0.0055 Tc 0.0208 Tw [(is G deriv)20.1(es from the f)12.7(act that )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 13.6273 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (a)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.8136 0 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.0209 Tw [(is H the subject m)43.5(u)-0.1(st know that )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 14.4155 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (a)Tj /F2 1 Tf -28.8564 -1.0909 TD 0.0054 Tc -0.0199 Tw [(is H. An implication of)-348.3(the view is that if)-350.1(y)20(ou know that something)]TJ T* 0.0117 Tw [(is an apple from the w)19.1(ay it looks)55.5(, then y)21.8(our knowledge depends on)]TJ T* -0.0199 Tw [(y)20(our knowing)37.2(, and thus believing)38.1(, some f)11.7(act as to the w)16.2(ay the apple)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 45.1082 TD 0 Tc 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (83)Tj ET 1 g 44.9 110.08 323.15 -43.37 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 105.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (17)Tj 10 0 0 10 66.64 101.6301 Tm 0 Tc 0.259 Tw [(T)-16(his is from Dr)11(etske)20(s entr)-19(y per)13(ceptual knowledge in J)41.9(onathan)]TJ -2.174 -1.1 TD 0.271 Tw [(Dancy and Er)-11.1(nest Sosa \(eds\), )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 14.461 0 TD [(A Companion to Epistemolo)-18.1(gy)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 14.074 0 TD 0 Tw [(\(Oxf)10(or)13(d:)]TJ -28.535 -1.1 TD 0.246 Tw [(Blac)9.9(kw)12.9(ell, 1992\). Essentially the same point is made on pp)87.9(. 1589 of)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Dr)10(etske)20(s )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 4.413 0 TD 0.026 Tw [(Seeing and Kno)-21.1(wing)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 8.732 0 TD 0 Tw (.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 37 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 3 0 obj <> endobj 49 0 obj <> endobj 52 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDn;%eL($q.f/"nt(Vd"7?q_W]"Je,6-QgO4tm$N*V87t$i$W`m-q#32()s#-,[ +Fac6RlAT]A7n1,#iJoU@JJT`L)bT2:/"0.S!p>*t\"OlD5g..eggs97hZe_<^ c]a:S0$-:d+gp2T%^m#l2GCi6^7K/KTAAF1WiJ/qkdW84@_USS:-1#DN&l&opn$O? :pc!M:4JAj_DAQ^e(?bZFtHr"B@=#p&k#"q>T"noBW=]tV7W:Zf[T(/s+2<;a8/H% gma@ endstream endobj 51 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.0872 Tw [(the test f)10.9(or an object)20(s being visually manif)10.9(est, this is not so since)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0581 Tw [(ther)10(e is a possib)33.6(le situation in w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ther)9.1(e is a v)20.9(apour trail, b)20(u)0(t no)]TJ T* -0.0282 Tw [(sub-atomic par)-10(tic)10(le passing through. It is a contingent f)13.6(act, after all,)]TJ T* 0.0472 Tw [(that the v)20(apour trail is caused b)11.8(y)0( the passa)-9.1(ge of)-418.2(a par)-9.1(tic)9(le)27.2(. What is)]TJ T* 0.1435 Tw [(seen \(bearing in mind that w)11.8(e)0.1( ar)9.1(e dealing with per)11.8(ception in the)]TJ T* 0.0581 Tw [(primar)-20(y sense\) m)39(ust not only af)-13.7(f)10.4(ect the w)12.7(ay things look in a situa-)]TJ T* 0.1999 Tw [(tion, it m)39(ust itself)-569.1(look some w)13.6(a)0(y)131.8(.)0.3( T)-16.4(his par)-9.1(tic)9.1(le af)-12.8(f)10.4(ects the w)12.7(a)0(y)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(things look b)20.9(ut does not itself)-395.5(look an)13.6(y w)12.7(a)0(y)132.7(.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.01 Tc 0.0753 Tw [(I hav)17.2(e now c)6.3(larified the conception of)-467.3(appearances)47.2(, w)10.8(hic)8.1(h fig-)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0454 Tw [(ur)9.1(es in m)20.8(y)0( view of)-429.1(per)11.8(ceptual knowledge)12.7(, and introduced a strict)]TJ T* 0.0427 Tw [(conception of)-428.2(w)12.7(hat is per)8.1(ceptually manifest in terms of)-429.1(that con-)]TJ T* -0.0037 Tw [(ception. Def)5.4(ender)-21.9(s of)-378.2(the non-inf)6.3(er)8.1(entialist view may suggest, for)]TJ T* 0.3053 Tw [(example)16.3(, that w)9.9(hen w)10.8(e)0( say that w)8.1(e)0( know that the per)-27.3(son is)]TJ T* 0.109 Tw [(expr)8.1(essing anxiety from the way he looks)47.2(, w)10.8(e)0.1( ar)8.1(e not explaining)]TJ T* 0.04 Tw [(how w)10.7(e)-0.1( know in terms of)-425.6(a f)9(act w)10.7(h)0(ic)8(h, as McDow)9.8(ell puts it, falls)]TJ T* 0.3427 Tw [(shor)-10.9(t of)-724.6(the f)8.1(act that the per)-27.3(son )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 16.8336 0 TD 0.0103 Tc 0 Tw (is)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.2709 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.3427 Tw [(expr)9.1(essing anxiety)125.4(. \(See)]TJ -18.1045 -1.0909 TD 0.0145 Tw [(McDow)10.8(ell, op)80.9(. cit., 472.\) T)-21(he idea w)17.2(ould be that knowing that he)]TJ T* 0.04 Tw [(is expr)7.2(essing anxiety from the way he looks is just taking in visu)-16.4(-)]TJ T* -0.0291 Tw [(ally \(that is)46.3(, her)8.1(e)19.8(,)0.1( non-inf)5.4(e)0.4(r)9.1(entially)123.6(, in r)6.3(esponse to looking\) the fact)]TJ T* 0.1901 Tw [(that the per)-25.6(son is expressing anxiety)125.3(. I find this unsatisfactor)-22(y)]TJ T* 0.0619 Tw [(because ev)15.3(en if)-443.8(w)12.6(e)-0.1( concede)16.2(, as I do)23.5(, that the fact that the per)-26.5(son)]TJ T* 0.0173 Tw [(is expr)7.2(essing anxiety can be visually known, it seems to me that it)]TJ T* 0.0808 Tw [(can har)10(dly be denied that an explanation of)-476.4(how this f)5.4(act can be)]TJ T* 0.0145 Tw [(visually known ought to allude to a f)-5.5(act w)10.8(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h is visually manifest)]TJ T* 0.0408 Tw [(in the strict sensea fact, to the ef)-19.1(f)9.5(ect that the per)-27.3(son looks anx)-6.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0245 Tw [(ious)50(, w)11.8(h)0.1(ic)9(h could obtain ev)13.6(en if)-405.5(the per)-22.8(son w)10.8(e)0.4(r)9.1(e)0( not anxious)47.2(, and)]TJ T* -0.0109 Tw [(thus not expressing anxiety)125.3(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 220.42 279.07 Tm 0.0107 Tc 0 Tw (16)Tj 11 0 0 11 229.14 275.32 Tm 0.01 Tc -0.0109 Tw [(T)-16.2(his might seem to be)-27.3(g the question)]TJ -13.1 -1.0909 TD 0.0119 Tw [(a)-10.3(gainst the non-infer)8(entialist. My aim, how)5.3(ev)18.9(er)89(, is not so m)35.3(u)0(c)9(h)-0.1( to)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 32.29 TD 0 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (82)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 257.48 323.15 -190.77 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 252.2301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (16)Tj 10 0 0 10 105.58 248.83 Tm 0 Tc 0.138 Tw [(McDow)12.9(ell, in Criteria, Def)9(easibility)126.9(, and Knowledge 472f)56(., w)19.9(o)0(r)10(k)0(s)]TJ -2.054 -1.06 TD 0.051 Tw [(with the locution It appear)-19.1(s to A that p and proposes that statements to)]TJ T* 0.16 Tw [(this ef)-12(f)10(ect hav)19.9(e a disjuncti)-6(v)20(e)0( analysis)37(. T)-15.1(hey ar)9.9(e true if)-529(either it mer)9.9(ely)]TJ T* 0.007 Tw [(appear)-20.1(s that p or if)-378(the f)10(act that p makes itself)-378(per)12.9(ceptually manif)10(est to A.)]TJ T* 0.054 Tw [(T)-16(he tric)9.9(k is that it can be true that it appear)-22(s to A that p both in a situa-)]TJ T* -0.019 Tw [(tion in w)11.9(hic)9.9(h p and in a situation in w)10.9(hic)9.9(h not-p)69.9(, b)19.9(ut w)11.9(e)0( ar)10(e not to suppose)]TJ T* 0.054 Tw [(that ther)10(e is a psyc)7.9(hological state)19.9(, describab)32.9(le as its appearing to one that)]TJ T* 0.0359 Tw [(p w)12.9(hic)9.9(h is common to tw)19.9(o suc)9.9(h situations)38(. I hav)19.9(e ar)9.9(gued, in T)-16.1(he Idea of)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Experience, )Tj /F4 1 Tf 5.841 0 TD 0.111 Tw [(Pr)32.9(oceedings of)-479(the Aristotelian Society)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 17.052 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (97)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.042 0 TD 0 Tc 0.111 Tw (, 1996, 7590, that)Tj -23.935 -1.06 TD 0.021 Tw [(this view is not w)10.9(ell moti)-6(v)20(ated, though I think it is possib)29.9(le to make sense)]TJ T* 0.154 Tw [(of)-523(w)13(h)39(y one might wish to av)13.9(oid positing a psyc)9.9(hological state w)13.9(hic)10(h is)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1979 Tw [(common to the situation in w)15(hic)10(h p and its deceptiv)20.1(e)0.1( counter)-25(par)-8.9(t. As)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.089 Tw [(str)9.9(essed pr)10(eviously the appearances I hav)17.9(e been concer)-14(ned with her)10(e ar)8.9(e)]TJ T* -0.039 Tw [(w)20(o)0(r)20(ldly appearances)37(. W)38.9(ith r)9.9(espect to these the pr)7.9(essur)10(es w)11.9(hic)9.9(h seem to call)]TJ T* 0.114 Tw [(f)10(or a disjuncti)-6(v)20(e)0( account of)-484(experiences just do not apply)131.9(. In an)11.9(y case I)]TJ T* 0.032 Tw [(find it har)13(d to take seriously the denial that ther)8.9(e is a f)9(act common to tw)19.9(o)]TJ T* 0.079 Tw [(situations in one of)-448(w)13(hic)9.9(h a per)-19(son expr)10(esses anxiety and in the other of)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(w)13(hic)9.9(h the per)-20.1(son mer)10(ely looks anxious)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 16.985 0 TD 0 Tw (.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 50 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 48 0 obj <> endobj 55 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDnCD)7B%"u1k"`p7.&#c^XiIZ6Al-rI>fe4Lg'`#ctjnf)K1tQgXM3KV]U#sto MCJr2L,J`CkaYrZ?.E\CDrI57/`N#kAaAu*(3#/YShI;1EEgi4H)Vo4PLH>Xk<2^B ''@^odq2'EM`C+0q#)Xag_0(;IFW(V&7 Iur(d^$k)CY?/qj]47#ND*'2oTD0WtTRs~> endstream endobj 54 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 56.24 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0.0017 Tc 0.3892 Tw [(Analog)8.9(ous considerations apply to other examples we hav)18.9(e)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0.0981 Tw [(touc)10.9(hed upon. Suppose someone in y)20.9(our pr)10.9(esence says)51.8(, It)20(s rain-)]TJ T* 0.0744 Tw [(ing in just these w)19(o)-0.2(r)13.6(d)-0.1(s)37.2(.)0.2( Y)79.9(ou believ)19(e that she said that it)19.1(s raining)47.2(.)]TJ T* 0.0381 Tw [(T)-15.3(he belief)-409.1(is not acquir)10(ed b)12.7(y)0.1( w)11.8(ay of)-408.2(inf)10(er)9.1(ence from prior assump-)]TJ T* 0.1917 Tw [(tions)37.2(. Ev)20.9(en so)27.2(, w)12.7(e)0( can ima)-9.1(gine a counter)-23.7(par)-9.1(t situation in w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(ev)20(er)-20(ything sounded as it did in the actual situation b)16.3(ut in w)11.8(h)0.1(ic)10(h the)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tw [(speaker does not say that it is raining)49(. Suppose)20(, f)10(or example)20(,)0( that in)]TJ T* 0.0509 Tw [(the counter)-23.7(par)-10(t situation the speaker does not speak Eng)15.4(lish at all,)]TJ T* 0.0345 Tw [(b)20.3(ut sounds as if)-404.6(she did. Ima)-10(gine that she has pic)9(ked up the w)20.8(o)-0.2(r)12.7(d)-0.1(s)]TJ T* 0.0945 Tw [(in the con)26.3(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)-20(sation of)-464.6(other)-20(s)52.4(,)0( utter)-20(s them, f)10(or a laugh, w)12.7(hile skil-)]TJ T* 0.0363 Tw [(fully making them seem just like a mov)23.6(e in Eng)13.6(lish con)28.1(v)20.1(er)-20.9(sation. I)]TJ T* -0.0145 Tw [(take it that suc)10.9(h a per)-20(son w)19.9(ould not count as saying that it)20.9(s raining)46.3(.)]TJ T* 0.2209 Tw [(Y)80(et nothing concer)-13.7(ning the w)13.6(ay things sound need be dif)-13.7(f)9.5(e)0.4(r)10(ent)]TJ T* 0.1509 Tw [(from the actual situation in w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h the speaker does say that it is)]TJ T* 0.0262 Tw [(raining)47.2(. T)-16.4(hat makes sense of)-396.4(the idea that it w)11.8(as not audib)32.7(ly mani-)]TJ T* 0.0118 Tw [(f)10.4(est that the speaker in the actual situation said that it w)16.3(as raining)48.1(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 362.32 411.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (14)Tj 11 0 0 11 56.24 395.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.0781 Tw [(So f)10.9(a)-0.1(r I hav)20.9(e)0( been concer)-11.9(ned with the distinction betw)13.6(een f)10(acts)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0108 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10.9(e and f)10(acts w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e not per)13.6(ceptually manif)10(est. Analog)10(ous)]TJ T* 0.2136 Tw [(considerations can be applied to the distinction betw)13.6(een objects)]TJ T* -0.0054 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10.9(e and objects w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e not per)13.6(ceptually manif)10(est. In keep-)]TJ T* 0.1972 Tw [(ing with the spirit of)-567.3(the discussion so f)9.1(a)0.4(r)90(,)0.1( the r)9.1(elev)20.9(ant test f)9.1(o)-0.2(r)]TJ T* 0.1382 Tw [(w)12.7(hether or not an object is visually manif)12.7(est in some situation is)]TJ T* 0.049 Tw [(this: If)-419.1(it is visually manif)9.1(est, then ther)10(e is no possib)31.8(le situation in)]TJ T* 0.0763 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h things look exactly as they do in this situation b)24.5(ut in w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h)]TJ T* 0.0836 Tw [(the object is not pr)8.1(esent. Let us apply this to the case of)-456.4(the sub-)]TJ T* 0.0745 Tw [(atomic par)-9.1(tic)9.1(le)27.2(. I do not m)21.7(yself)-444.6(think that the sub-atomic par)-10.9(tic)9.1(le)]TJ T* 0.0754 Tw [(in the c)10(loud c)10(hamber is seen.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 187.85 279.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (15)Tj 11 0 0 11 197.28 275.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.0754 Tw [(Intuiti)-5.5(v)20.1(ely)127.2(, it is not seen because it)]TJ -13.8527 -1.0909 TD 0.1308 Tw [(does not look an)13.6(y w)12.7(a)0(y)132.7(.)0.3( T)-16.4(his might be c)10.9(hallenged on the grounds)]TJ T* 0.0436 Tw [(that par)-10(tic)10(les passing through c)10(loud c)9(hamber)-20(s hav)20(e the look of)-413.7(the)]TJ T* -0.0209 Tw [(front end of)-349.1(a v)20(apour trail. \(W)59(ell, some)9.1(bod)10.9(y might think so)59(.\) But b)12.7(y)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 34.4718 TD 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (81)Tj ET 1 g 44.9 231.97 323.15 -165.26 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 226.03 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (14)Tj 10 0 0 10 64.01 222.6301 Tm 0 Tc -0.004 Tw [(I r)10(eally do w)12.9(ant to str)11(ess that ther)10(e is no assumption her)10.9(e that the w)12.9(a)0.1(y)]TJ -1.911 -1.1 TD -0.017 Tw [(things sound concer)-12(ns only sounds hear)12.9(d as meaning)12.9(less)37(. Recall the ear)20(lier)]TJ T* 0.1969 Tw [(point that suitab)32.9(le sensiti)-7(vities may in)26.9(v)13(olv)19.9(e special skills)36(. McDow)12.9(ell is)]TJ T* 0.156 Tw [(right to insist, as he fr)7.9(equently does)51(, that it does not count a)-12.1(gainst the)]TJ T* 0.098 Tw [(c)10(laim that some f)11(act is dir)10.9(ectly pr)10(esented to view that it can be so pr)12.9(e-)]TJ T* 0.131 Tw [(sented only to people w)14.9(ho hav)19.9(e a per)14(ceptual ability w)12.9(hic)9.9(h per)14(cei)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-20.1(s)0( in)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(general ar)10(e not bound to hav)19.9(e)27(.)]TJ 5 0 0 5 56.24 149.0301 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (15)Tj 10 0 0 10 66.26 145.63 Tm 0 Tc 0.221 Tw [(In this I am with Bas v)20.9(an F)26.9(rassen )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 16.693 0 TD [(The Scientific Ima)-19.1(g)20(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 9.706 0 TD 0 Tw [(\(Oxf)10(or)13(d:)]TJ -28.535 -1.1 TD 0.045 Tw [(Clar)10(endon Pr)11(ess)52(, 1985\). See)19.9(, especially)126.9(, p)84.9(.)0( 17. Dr)9.9(etske has a c)10.9(haracteristi-)]TJ T* [(cally subtle and insightful line on this example dra)13.9(wing upon his concep-)]TJ T* 0.135 Tw [(tion of)-504(secondar)-20.1(y epistemic per)12.9(ception \(op)83.9(. cit., c)10.9(hapter VI\). He allows)]TJ T* 0.018 Tw [(that ther)9.9(e can be per)13.9(ceptual knowledge about the par)-9(tic)9.9(le)19.9(, b)19.9(ut this species)]TJ T* 0.1 Tw [(of)-470(per)13(ceptual knowledge does not satisfy the per)11(cei)-6(v)20(ed-object condition.)]TJ T* -0.001 Tw [(Dr)10(etske)19.9(, unlike Brandom in the passa)-10.1(ge quoted ear)19.9(lier)90(, does not think that)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(the par)-10.1(tic)9.9(le is per)12.9(cei)-6(v)20(ed and nor do I.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 53 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 47 0 obj <> endobj 58 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDn9+lat$q%T*"a_7Kc2c:I!%n2];]GTH`ss<.WH?_I*)W!Bg+fdY#^+S&kGo&^ .%$SdB1tna`:KR"6+-\OMf,&mIH=)NGuf,CkAW&`3Jp`AE/(^s3hkpU32oT`SAnbQ 3JhH"-fm(=dq#n/]cUtkBAQ8'@^>hL!uj3s0%_*S7WB@H/aSMO915etrgZ8?KH-mp QZ!aRkan\]+d1?/9:Y&&^;HqB?NN2?B.0_M_L\LVW!!$lE)O.&DJida*Lq>)[TGcn rm4-(q0lY+9D&^NQe*ql7[[kl~> endstream endobj 57 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(per)-19.1(son is expr)10(essing anxiety \(in a sense w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h entails that he is anx-)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0173 Tw [(ious\) is tr)10(eated as a f)10(act as to the w)13.6(ay he appear)-20(s)52.4(,)0.2( w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h can be made)]TJ T* 0.1954 Tw [(manif)10(est to a suitab)33.6(ly sensiti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)-0.1( per)13.6(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)96.3(.)0.3( T)-16.4(h)-0.1(e r)10.9(eason McDow)12.7(ell)]TJ T* -0.0173 Tw [(believ)20(es himself)-352.8(to be entitled to think of)-349.1(this f)10(act in this w)13.6(ay is that)]TJ T* -0.0091 Tw [(he thinks it is a f)10(act w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h can be known to obtain non-inf)9.1(er)10(entially)126.3(,)]TJ T* 0.0772 Tw [(b)13(y)0( a suitab)32.7(ly sensiti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)-0.1( per)13.6(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)89.1(,)0( on looking at the per)-20(son in ques-)]TJ T* 0.1099 Tw [(tion. I hav)20(e no quar)12.7(r)10.5(el with the idea that suc)10.9(h a f)10.9(act can be non-)]TJ T* 0.2327 Tw [(inf)10(er)10(entially known in that w)10.8(a)0(y)131.8(.)0( Nev)20(er)-10(theless)52.7(, ther)9.1(e is a r)8.1(eadily)]TJ T* 0.059 Tw [(intelligib)32.7(le sense in w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)10(h, ev)19(en so)28.1(, it w)20.8(ould not be)20(, strictly speak-)]TJ T* 0.0027 Tw [(ing)34.5(,)0( per)12.7(ceptually manif)10.9(est. On this strict sense a f)11.8(act is per)13.6(ceptually)]TJ T* 0.0663 Tw [(manif)10(est to a subject only if)-435.5(it is a f)10.9(act as to how things appear)90.9(, in)]TJ T* 0.0318 Tw [(the sense I hav)21.8(e been explaining)47.2(. Suppose that in some actual situ-)]TJ T* 0.1581 Tw [(ation it is visually manif)11.8(est to y)20.9(ou that A is G)68.1(.)0.3( T)-15.5(hen since f)10.9(acts)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e visually manif)10.9(est ar)10(e f)10(acts about the looks of)-360.9(things)51.8(, ther)10(e)]TJ T* 0.0781 Tw [(is no possib)33.6(le situation \(with all the r)10.9(elev)20(ant parameter)-19.1(s held con-)]TJ T* -0.0282 Tw [(stant\) in w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h ev)20(er)-20(ything looks just as it does in the actual situation)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(b)20.4(ut in w)12.8(h)0.2(ic)9.2(h it is f)10.1(alse that A is G)67.3(.)0.3( If)-372.7(ther)10.1(e w)13.7(e)0.5(r)9.2(e)0.1( a possib)33.7(le situation)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0563 Tw [(in w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h it is f)9.1(alse that A is G yet ev)20.9(er)-20(ything \(inc)9.1(luding A\) looked)]TJ T* 0.0408 Tw [(the same as in the actual situation, then c)9.1(lear)19.1(ly the f)9.1(act that A is G)]TJ T* 0.0509 Tw [(w)20(ould not be a f)9.1(act mer)10(ely about the look of)-420.9(A. Suppose then that)]TJ T* 0.2018 Tw [(someone is expr)10(essing anxiety in some situation \(and r)8.1(ecall that)]TJ T* 0.0145 Tw [(doing so entails being anxious\). Clear)20.9(ly)127.2(, ther)10(e is a possib)33.6(le situation)]TJ T* 0.0827 Tw [(in w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h the per)-20(son looks just the same)18.1(, having the demeanour of)]TJ T* -0.0163 Tw [(an anxious per)-20(son, b)20(ut is not actually expr)10(essing anxiety)131.8(. So)27.2(, on this)]TJ T* 0.1163 Tw [(under)-20(standing of)-486.4(w)12.7(hat is per)12.7(ceptually manif)9.1(est, it cannot be per-)]TJ T* 0.0554 Tw [(ceptually manif)10(est to y)20.9(ou that the per)-20(son is expr)10.9(essing anxiety)131.8(. On)]TJ T* -0.01 Tw [(the other hand, the f)10(act that a per)-20(son looks anxious can pass the test)]TJ T* 0.0981 Tw [(because in an)11.8(y situation in w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)9(h he looked just as he does in the)]TJ T* 0.1745 Tw [(actual situation he w)19.9(ould look anxious)37.2(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 280.15 255.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (13)Tj 11 0 0 11 290.67 251.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.1745 Tw (Note that although this)Tj -18.6936 -1.0909 TD 0.0209 Tw [(conception of)-390.9(w)12.7(hat is per)12.7(ceptually manif)9.1(est is strict, in that it rules)]TJ T* 0.0391 Tw [(out suc)10.9(h f)10(acts as that a per)-18.2(son is expr)10(essing anxiety)127.2(, it is consistent)]TJ T* 0.0808 Tw [(with the view that w)13.6(hat is per)13.6(ceptually manif)10(est is r)9.1(elati)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( to per-)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)-20(s)0( with special sensiti)-5.5(vities w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h not all w)14.5(h)-0.1(o hav)20(e)0( the r)10(elev)20.9(ant)]TJ T* 0.0281 Tw [(sense in g)10(ood w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)10.9(king or)11.8(der ar)10(e bound to possess)36.3(. What w)12.7(e)0( hav)20(e is)]TJ T* 0.18 Tw [(a conception of)-549.1(w)12.7(hat is per)13.6(ceptually manif)9.1(est w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h is nar)12.7(row)13.6(er)]TJ T* 0.0081 Tw [(than McDow)12.7(ell)20(s b)20(u)-0.1(t w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h, like McDow)12.7(ell)20(s)51.5(,)0( allows f)10.9(or indi)-5.5(vidual)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(dif)-12.8(f)10.4(e)0.4(r)9.1(ences in sensiti)-5.5(vity)132.7(.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 42.1082 TD (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (80)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 151.6 323.15 -85.89 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 144.5301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (13)Tj 10 0 0 10 103.86 141.13 Tm 0 Tc -0.034 Tw [(Someone might accept the suggested principle f)11(or w)12.9(hat is per)13(ceptually)]TJ -1.882 -1.05 TD 0.059 Tw [(manif)10(est, b)19.9(ut ar)10(gue that an)12.9(y situation in w)13.9(hic)9.9(h a per)-20.1(son does not expr)10(ess)]TJ T* 0.096 Tw [(anxiety w)19.9(ould not be one in w)13.9(hic)9.9(h ev)20.9(er)-20.1(ything appear)9.9(ed as it does in the)]TJ T* 0.004 Tw [(situation in w)12.9(hic)9.9(h the per)-20.1(son does expr)9.9(ess anxiety)131.9(. I doubt that this cor)11.9(r)10(e)0(-)]TJ T* 0.118 Tw [(sponds to how w)13.9(e)0( actually think of)-486(appearances)37(. In an)13.9(y case)19.9(, it is not a)]TJ T* 0.106 Tw [(notion of)-476(appearances on w)12.9(hic)9.9(h appearances ar)9.9(e looks)51.9(, f)10(eels)51.9(, sounds etc)32.9(.)]TJ T* 0.256 Tw [(F)40(or c)9.9(lear)19.9(ly the look of)-627(our subject could r)7.9(e)0(main constant across tw)18.9(o)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(situations in only one of)-396(w)13(hic)9.9(h the per)-20(son is expr)9.9(essing anxiety)131.9(.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 56 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDo;%A75#Xj%>$Z[9^B4D<:9+b9q,t8PXS]?se-2PYqm;mgQ24$701>eVuF/C"g ]>L$k%n endstream endobj 60 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.0945 Tw [(\(c\) Although appearances ar)10.9(e w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)20.9(ldly they ar)10(e)19.8(,)0( none the less)53.6(, per-)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0318 Tw [(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(err)10(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( in that they ar)10.9(e looks)52.7(, f)10(eels)51.8(, sounds)51.8(, tastes and smells)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 29.0855 0 TD 0 Tw (,)Tj -29.0855 -1.0909 TD 0.0154 Tw [(r)40.5(ela)-12.8(ti)-12.8(v)12.8(e)0( to the po)-19.1(w)12.5(e)0.2(r)27.2(s)-0.1( of)-380.9(discrimina)-13.7(tion of)-380.9(suita)-13.7(b)19.8(l)20.2(y sensiti)-12.8(v)12.8(e)0( per)47.2(cei)-12.8(v)12.8(e)0.2(r)27.2(s)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 29.0855 0 TD 0 Tw (.)Tj -29.0855 -1.0909 TD -0.0327 Tw [(T)-15.3(he tendency in empiricist tradition has been to count all those w)15.4(h)0.4(o)]TJ T* 0.0427 Tw [(hav)20(e a sense in g)10(ood w)20.8(o)-0.2(r)10(king or)12.7(der as suitab)32.7(ly sensiti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)-0.1( per)12.7(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)-20(s)51.5(,)]TJ T* -0.0273 Tw [(with r)10.9(espect to the use of)-340.9(that sense)27.2(. It is true that sometimes w)14.5(e)0.1( ar)10(e)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0043 Tw [(inter)10.2(ested in how things look, f)9.3(or example)20.2(,)0.2( r)10.2(elati)-6.2(v)20.3(e)0.2( to the pow)12.9(er)-19.8(s of)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0009 Tw (discrimination of)Tj /F4 1 Tf 7.8427 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(an)12.5(y)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 1.8118 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0009 Tw [(per)12.7(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)-20(s)0( with proper)19.1(ly functioning sight. It)]TJ -9.6545 -1.0909 TD 0.0682 Tw [(is c)10.9(lear)89.1(, how)13.6(ev)20(er)90(, that an adequate account of)-437.3(w)20(o)-0.2(r)20(ldly appearances)]TJ T* 0.0754 Tw [(m)39.5(ust ac)9.1(knowledge appearances w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h some of)-446.4(those w)11.7(h)-0.1(o hav)20(e)0.1( the)]TJ T* 0.0827 Tw [(r)10.5(elev)20(ant sense in g)8.1(ood w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)10.9(king or)11.8(der may not be ab)31.8(le to discrimi-)]TJ T* 0.0727 Tw [(nate)27.2(. As I student I r)11.8(ecei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed training in discriminating some sixty)]TJ T* 0.0844 Tw [(v)20.1(arieties of)-453.7(potato from the look of)-453.7(their plants)37.2(. T)-16.4(his put me in a)]TJ T* 0.2273 Tw (position to make discriminations I could not make prior to the)Tj T* 0.159 Tw [(training and could not make now)134.5(. Relati)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( to those w)13.6(ho had the)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tw [(training the look of)-382.8(King Ed)34.5(w)12.7(a)0.4(r)12.7(ds w)12.7(as v)20(e)0.4(r)-20(y)0( dif)-12.8(f)10.4(e)0.4(r)9.1(ent from the look)]TJ T* -0.0236 Tw [(of)-346.4(Pentland Crown. Similar points ob)12.7(viously apply to the tastes and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0264 Tw [(smells of)-395.6(wines)37.1(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 121.91 387.07 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj 11 0 0 11 44.9 365.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(\(d\) A)-32.8(ppearances in the r)10.9(elev)20(ant sense ar)10.9(e also r)10(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( to conditions)]TJ T* 0.1126 Tw [(of)-482.8(obser)-17.3(v)20.1(ation and points of)-483.7(view)133.6(. T)-17.3(he look of)-482.8(Edinb)19.9(ur)10(gh Castle)]TJ T* -0.0346 Tw [(floodlit at night, and seen from Princes Str)12.7(eet, is v)20.9(e)0.4(r)-20.9(y)0( dif)-11.8(f)9.5(e)0.4(r)10(ent from)]TJ T* -0.0082 Tw [(its look from the w)12.7(est in daylight. In w)12.7(hat f)10.9(ollows I shall not al)40.9(w)12.7(ays)]TJ T* 0.0571 Tw [(spell out v)20.9(alues f)10(or all the r)10.9(elev)20(ant parameter)-19.1(s r)10(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0.1( to w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h an)]TJ T* 0.2418 Tw [(object appear)-20(s some w)12.7(a)0(y)131.8(.)0.1( Man)12.7(y of)-611.9(the points I shall make ar)9.1(e)]TJ T* -0.0227 Tw [(sc)10(hematic points w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h stand in f)10(or a v)20(ariety of)-347.3(mor)9.1(e specific points)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(f)10.4(o)-0.1(r w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9(h the parameter)-18.2(s ar)10(e fix)13.6(ed in some w)13.6(a)0(y)131.8(.)]TJ 0 -1.6364 TD 0.1127 Tw [(T)-15.3(he view I am concer)-13.7(ned to def)10.9(end is that per)12.7(ceptual knowledge)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0082 Tw [(about something is knowledge of)-360.9(that thing from the w)13.6(ay it appear)-20(s)]TJ T* 0.2381 Tw [(r)10.5(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( to some sense)27.2(. T)-16.4(he non-inf)10(er)10(entialist view)130.8(, b)13.6(y)0( contrast,)]TJ T* 0.0572 Tw [(explicates per)13.6(ceptual knowledge in terms of)-427.3(the phenomenological)]TJ T* 0.039 Tw [(immediacy of)-407.3(per)12.7(ceptual beliefs and judgements)39.1(. Def)10(ender)-19.1(s of)-408.2(the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1499 Tw [(non-inf)10.1(er)10.1(entialist view tend not to giv)20.2(e)0.1( the notion of)-519(appearance)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0127 Tw [(an)12.7(y r)10.9(eal philosophical w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)10(k)0( to do)28.1(, perhaps because they wish to dis-)]TJ T* 0.0226 Tw [(tance themselv)20.9(es from the empiricist view)134.5(. T)-16.4(hey m)39.9(ust, how)13.6(ev)20(er)89.1(, be)]TJ T* 0.1081 Tw [(ab)32.7(le to make sense of)-478.2(our talk of)-479.1(appearances)37.2(. It w)19.9(ould be in the)]TJ T* -0.0345 Tw [(spirit of)-334.6(the non-inf)10(er)10(entialist view to tr)10.9(eat f)10(acts as to the w)12.7(ay things)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tw [(appear as being f)10(acts w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h can be non-inf)10(er)10(entially known via per-)]TJ T* 0.1254 Tw [(ception. Some of)-494.6(McDow)12.7(ell)20(s r)9.1(emar)10.9(ks ar)9.1(e consistent with suc)10(h a)]TJ T* 0.0936 Tw [(view)133.6(. On his tr)10(eatment of)-461.9(the other minds case)20(, the f)10(act that the)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 45.3809 TD 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (79)Tj ET 1 g 44.9 110.08 323.15 -43.37 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 105.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (12)Tj 10 0 0 10 64.69 101.6301 Tm 0 Tc 0.063 Tw [(It is impor)-11(tant not to confuse the c)7.9(laim that appearances ar)8.9(e r)9(elati)-6(v)20(e)]TJ -1.979 -1.1 TD -0.027 Tw [(in the w)12.9(ay ac)10.9(knowledged her)10(e with the c)9.9(laim that the notion of)-342(the appear-)]TJ T* 0.091 Tw [(ance of)-460(a thing is to be explained in terms of)-460(a prior notion of)-461(a thing)20(s)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(appearing some w)12.9(ay to some indi)-6(vidual.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 59 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDo5o,),#XlB+"h@C?BJl$j5ojEAb=6nPjtiAmc2K&U=5;'J(!k$g229TQgp@8F %3P"5j@gV2C<\)9:fOQg<_)e\O^aM&?_UUoP&f-D3QAVc(33RuSbo_=RHIl64J`:q _sa[mPKp(fB)rR(+m-Gq-fgK[=._I&OE"l5l8]6TQ8jYPGl)!(C&`Eh;`Rdil'u/$ [g9\?G\,V*r30`s!E(^d^,1e8]::<]US$Q_l*sF'4;Ggo#4$rN&YRD=SMf1-M.1CK I\6=`4gk;017]=C&,Ce`H/@nt*T.an0`\nP$*4~> endstream endobj 63 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.0591 Tw [(like the w)12.7(ay A looks, taking this to mean the same as the look of)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0835 Tw [(A)112.7(. My initial task in this section is to c)9.1(larify this w)11.8(ay of)-453.7(thinking)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(about appearances)37.2(. T)-15.5(he key points ar)10.9(e these:)]TJ 0 -1.6364 TD 0.07 Tw [(\(a\) When I speak of)-440(the w)13.6(ay some par)-10(ticular apple looks I am not)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0173 Tw [(talking about how it strikes some indi)-8.2(vidual w)12.7(ho is looking at it, b)18.1(u)-0.2(t)]TJ T* -0.0027 Tw [(about a f)9.1(eatur)10(e of)-368.2(the apple w)11.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h, like its colour or shape)18.1(, is objec-)]TJ T* 0.1063 Tw [(ti)-5.5(v)20.1(e)19.8(, in that it is possessed w)11.7(hether or not the apple is being per-)]TJ T* 0.0108 Tw [(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed, and pub)31.8(lic)10(ly av)19(ailab)32.7(le)20(, in that it can be visually discriminat-)]TJ T* 0.059 Tw [(ed b)12.7(y)0.1( an)12.7(y suitab)32.7(ly equipped subject.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 262.66 489.0701 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (10)Tj 11 0 0 11 271.91 485.3201 Tm 0 Tc 0.0591 Tw [(I shall sum up this point b)11.8(y)]TJ -16.9882 -1.0909 TD 0.1218 Tw [(saying that appearances in the sense intended ar)7.2(e )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 22.5309 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(wor)26.1(ldl)19.8(y)0( )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.5145 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (appear-)Tj -26.0455 -1.0909 TD [(ances)37.1(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 113.73 465.0701 Tm -0.0002 Tc (11)Tj 11 0 0 11 122.72 461.3201 Tm 0 Tc 0.0353 Tw [(W)60.1(e)0( routinely think of)-405.5(appearances in just this w)12.7(a)0(y)131.8(.)0.2( If)-405.5(I ask)]TJ -3.4255 -1.0909 TD -0.0355 Tw [(y)20.1(ou w)12.7(h)0(ether y)19(ou ar)10(e f)10(a)0(miliar with the taste of)-334.6(Riesling)33.6(,)0( I am enquir-)]TJ T* 0.099 Tw [(ing about y)20(our f)9.1(amiliarity or otherwise with a f)8.2(eatur)10.9(e of)-470(a cer)-10(tain)]TJ T* 0.0118 Tw [(type of)-381.8(wine)20(, and not about how a sample of)-380.9(wine of)-380.9(that type now)]TJ T* -0.0045 Tw [(tastes to y)20(ou. Similar)20(ly)126.3(, if)-364.6(I ask y)20(ou if)-365.5(y)20.1(ou ar)10(e f)10(amiliar with the look)]TJ T* 0.1881 Tw [(of)-558.2(an old f)8.2(ashioned British r)9.1(ed telephone booth, m)21.7(y)0( question is)]TJ T* -0.0055 Tw [(about a f)9.1(eatur)10(e of)-364.6(suc)10(h booths ir)12.7(r)9.6(especti)-5.5(v)19.2(e)0.1( of)-364.6(w)12.7(h)0(ether y)19(ou ar)10(e actu-)]TJ T* 0.0726 Tw [(ally looking at one)28.1(. W)59.9(e)0.1( do)27.2(, of)-440.9(cour)-20(s)0.4(e)20(,)0.1( hav)20(e a notion of)-440.9(how some-)]TJ T* 0.0873 Tw [(thing appear)-20(s )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 6.3509 0 TD (to a subject)Tj /F2 1 Tf 4.7909 0 TD 0.0872 Tw [(. T)-16.4(he question might arise how this par-)]TJ -11.1418 -1.0909 TD 0.11 Tw [(ticular g)12.7(lass of)-480(Riesling tastes to y)20.9(ou now)132.7(. It w)20.8(ould be a mistake)19(,)]TJ T* 0.1618 Tw [(how)12.7(ev)20(er)90(, to think that notions of)-532.8(this latter sor)-10.9(t ar)10(e prior in the)]TJ T* 0.1708 Tw [(or)13.6(der of)-540.9(under)-20(standing to notions of)-540(w)20(o)-0.2(r)20.9(l)0.1(dly tastes)36.3(. Our under-)]TJ T* 0.0417 Tw [(standing of)-411.9(w)13.6(h)-0.1(at it is f)9.1(o)0(r a par)-10.9(ticular wine to taste a cer)-10(tain w)12.7(ay to)]TJ T* -0.0163 Tw [(one now depends on our having notions of)-353.7(w)20(o)-0.2(r)20(l)0.1(dly tastes)51.8(, f)10(or exam-)]TJ T* 0.0827 Tw [(ple)20(,)0( the notion of)-453.7(the taste of)-453.7(a wine w)12.7(hen it has a bad cor)8.1(k. And)]TJ T* 0.0118 Tw [(our ability to con)26.3(v)20.1(ey to other)-20(s how a wine tastes to us now depends)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(on their sharing those notions of)-393.7(w)20(o)-0.2(r)20(ldly tastes with us)37.2(.)]TJ 0 -1.6364 TD 0.0718 Tw [(\(b\) Something has the appearance of)-441.9(an F\(of)-441.8(X/ being G\) r)10(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0173 Tw [(to a gi)-5.5(v)20.1(en sense)20(, if)-351.8(it appear)-20(s r)10(elati)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( to that sense the w)12.7(ay an F typ-)]TJ T* 0.0627 Tw [(ically does \(the w)13.6(ay X typically does/ things w)15.4(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10.9(e G typically)]TJ T* 0.1127 Tw [(do\). On this under)-20(standing a thing can hav)20(e the look of)-481.8(an apple)]TJ T* 0.0463 Tw [(and not be an apple)19.1(, or the sound of)-418.2(a sky lar)9.1(k)0.3()20(s)0( song and not be a)]TJ T* 0.1926 Tw [(sky lar)9.1(k)20(s song)33.6(, or the taste of)-563.7(fr)10(esh coriander and not be fr)9.1(esh)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(coriander)97.3(.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 39.9264 TD 0 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (78)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 166.77 323.15 -100.06 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 149.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0001 Tc (10)Tj 10 0 0 10 104.13 145.63 Tm 0 Tc -0.006 Tw [(T)-16(his point is compatib)33.9(le with views w)14.9(hic)9.9(h make sense of)-362(the idea that)]TJ -1.909 -1.1 TD 0.158 Tw [(some objecti)-6(v)20(e)0( f)11(eatur)9.9(es)52(, e)26.9(.)0.1(g)46.9(., mass)52(, ar)10(e mor)11(e objecti)-6(v)20(e)0( than other)-19.1(s)52(,)0( e)26.9(.)0.1(g)46.9(.)0(,)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(colour)97(. )]TJ 5 0 0 5 96.38 116.0301 Tm 0.0001 Tc (11)Tj 10 0 0 10 104.97 112.63 Tm 0 Tc 0.077 Tw [(In making the notion of)-447(w)20(o)0(r)19.9(ldly appearances basic I dif)-13(f)10(er from the)]TJ -1.993 -1.1 TD 0.015 Tw [(approac)9.9(h of)-385(Dr)10(etske)19.9(, op)83.9(. cit., 20f)-13(f)57(., F)26.9(rank J)32.9(a)0.1(c)9.9(kson, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 22.425 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(P)28.2(e)0.2(r)47.2(c)0.2(eption)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 4.65 0 TD 0 Tc (\(Cambridge)Tj -27.075 -1.1 TD 0.254 Tw [(Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-20(sity Pr)11(ess)52(, 1977\), c)9.9(hapter 7, and Roderic)9.9(k Chisholm )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 27.981 0 TD 0 Tw [(P)28(e)0(r)47(cei)-13(ving)]TJ /F2 1 Tf -27.981 -1.1 TD 0.0449 Tw [(\(Ithaca, NY)177.9(.: Cor)-13(nell Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-20(sity Pr)10(ess)52(, 1957\). T)-16.1(hese author)-20.1(s w)19.9(o)0(r)9.9(k)0( with a)]TJ T* 0.014 Tw [(notion of)-384(an object)20(s appearing some w)12.9(ay to a subject on a gi)-6(v)20(en occasion.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 62 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 67 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDnJI]R?#XnXk+67XSCoL8ljJjo#NARV/MS-PtWlRCo.F/C?Bs-!2Z*ucs>?*/H qG\d9/?3#*okGWB2Y!:^U.jmh4LA)iVqITecV>2>JbOm*S9K>uOno;;o5LjiY-RWks;_$KTO"Oa.?e^kaSF-5!In62S;u.$VX?N+HqV;QV ^%&>b^N[a?aQXN$32sP=:^#>4L6c-,dV!\J$0j@LIBZ@MHkg98Ea.ln='0`\sOq5=~> endstream endobj 66 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.2363 Tw [(instead a model on w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h suc)10(h f)10(acts as that a per)-19.1(son is gi)-6.4(ving)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.1427 Tw [(expr)10(ession to his anxiety ar)11.8(e)19.8(,)0( as he puts it, dir)11.8(ectly pr)10.9(esented to)]TJ T* 0.0655 Tw (view \()Tj /F4 1 Tf 2.9827 0 TD [(op)53.6(. cit.)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 2.8773 0 TD 0.0654 Tw [(, p)83.6(.)0( 473\). Expr)10.9(essing anxiety)126.3(, in McDow)12.7(ell)20(s sense)20(, is)]TJ -5.86 -1.0909 TD 0.1635 Tw [(displaying r)10(eal anxiety)127.2(, not mer)10(ely looking anxious)37.2(. T)-16.4(he point is)]TJ T* 0.0736 Tw [(that psyc)10(hological conditions like expr)8.1(essing anxiety ar)10(e view)11.8(ed as)]TJ T* 0.0681 Tw [(being among those w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h can be made per)14.5(ceptually manif)10.9(est. T)-16.4(h)0.1(e)]TJ T* 0.3254 Tw [(non-inf)10(er)10(entiality criterion makes sense both of)-697.3(this view and)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tw [(McDow)12.7(ell)20(s r)10(ejection of)-365.5(the evidentialist position. As he sees it, the)]TJ T* 0.1799 Tw [(evidentialist position f)9.1(alsifies the phenomenolog)-13.7(y; w)12.7(e)-0.1( don)19.9()9.3(t)0.1( inf)10(er)]TJ T* 0.1363 Tw [(that the per)-19.1(son is expr)10(essing anxiety from some mor)10.9(e basic non-)]TJ T* 0.0326 Tw [(psyc)10(hological f)10(act; rather)90(, w)11.8(e)0( see that the per)-21(son is expr)9.1(essing anx-)]TJ T* 0.0508 Tw [(iety)131.8(. T)-16.4(hat makes sense if)-420(seeing that p is a matter of)-420(telling that p)69.9(,)]TJ T* 0.079 Tw [(prompted b)13.6(y)0( cur)13.6(r)9.6(e)0.1(nt per)12.7(ception, and without conscious inf)10.9(er)9.1(ence)27.2(.)]TJ T* 0.1027 Tw [(McDow)12.7(ell adopts essentially the same approac)9(h in discussing our)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tw [(under)-20(standing of)-368.2(w)13.6(hat people say)132.7(. In opposition to the evidentialist)]TJ T* 0.3572 Tw [(stance w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h he discer)-12.8(ns in Dummett)20.9(s w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)10(k, he ar)10.9(gues that)]TJ T* 0.0872 Tw [([c]ommand of)-456.4(a langua)-10(g)-0.1(e is par)-9.1(tly constituted b)12.7(y)0( a per)13.6(ceptual)]TJ T* 0.1872 Tw [(capacity; one w)13.6(hose acquisition makes a new range of)-554.6(f)9.5(acts)52.7(, not)]TJ T* 0.0262 Tw [(hither)-9.1(to within one)20(s per)12.7(ceptual ken, av)20.9(ailab)32.7(le to one)20(s a)17.2(w)12.7(ar)10(eness.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 364.52 375.07 Tm 0 Tw (8)Tj 11 0 0 11 56.24 359.32 Tm 0.0136 Tw [(I shar)10(e with the non-inf)9.1(er)10(entialist a concer)-13.7(n to ensur)10(e that w)12.7(e)0.1( do)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0236 Tw [(not unduly r)10(estrict the scope of)-394.6(obser)-17.3(v)20.1(a)0(tionof)-393.7(per)13.6(ceptual knowl-)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(edge)27.2(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 69.92 339.07 Tm (9)Tj 11 0 0 11 78.97 335.32 Tm 0.3017 Tw [(As alr)10(ead)9.9(y indicated, I think that per)13.6(ceptual knowledge)]TJ -3.0973 -1.0909 TD 0.0836 Tw [(embraces mor)10.9(e)0( than f)10(acts w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e per)13.6(ceptually manif)10(est, that is)51.8(,)]TJ T* 0.0327 Tw [(f)10.4(acts per)-10.9(taining only to how things appear)95.4(. Nev)19.1(er)-10(theless I do think)]TJ T* 0.0745 Tw [(that all per)13.6(ceptual knowledge is a r)10.9(esponse to w)12.7(hat is per)12.7(ceptually)]TJ T* 0.1063 Tw [(manif)10(est in this f)9.1(air)20.9(ly strict sense)27.2(. One of)-476.4(m)23.2(y)0( aims is to elucidate)]TJ T* -0.0164 Tw [(w)12.7(hat it is to know about something from the w)12.7(ay it appear)-20(s in a w)12.7(a)0(y)]TJ T* -0.03 Tw [(w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h av)12.7(oids making suc)9(h knowledge out to be inf)8.1(er)10(ential. I am also)]TJ T* -0.0209 Tw [(inter)10(ested in exploring the r)10(elation betw)11.8(een the view w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h emer)10(ges)]TJ T* 0.0609 Tw [(and the non-inf)9.1(er)10(entialist view)132.7(. It will tur)-13.7(n out that the non-inf)8.2(er-)]TJ T* 0.0591 Tw [(entialist view is too permissi)-6.4(v)20.1(e)19.8(, b)19.9(ut that the view I f)10(a)0(v)12.7(our is b)12.7(y)-0.1( no)]TJ T* -0.0227 Tw [(means as illiberal as one might expect. T)-17.3(he next step is to look mor)9(e)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(c)9.8(losely into the r)10.9(elev)20(ant conception of)-395.5(appearances)37.2(.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 14.2827 -2.1818 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (II)Tj /F2 1 Tf -14.2827 -1.3636 TD 0 Tc 0.0154 Tw [(T)-15.3(he look, sound, f)10(eel, taste and smell of)-383.7(a thing ar)10.9(e all appearances)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw [(of)-370(that thing r)10(elati)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( to one or other sense)27.2(. I shall also use locutions)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 42.3809 TD 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (77)Tj ET 1 g 44.9 144.09 323.15 -77.38 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 138.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc (8)Tj 10 0 0 10 64.57 134.6301 Tm 0.3119 Tw [(J)41(ohn McDow)13.9(ell, )116(Anti-Realism and the Epistemolog)-11.1(y of)-681(Under-)]TJ -1.967 -1.1 TD 0.216 Tw [(standing in Herman Par)14.9(r)10(et and J)32.9(acques Bouvr)11(esse \(eds\) )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 26.525 0 TD (Meaning and)Tj -26.525 -1.1 TD 0 Tw [(Under)27(standing)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 6.573 0 TD 0.099 Tw [(\(Ber)19.9(lin: W)59.9(alter de Gruyter)91(, 1981\), 22548. T)-14.1(he quotation)]TJ -6.573 -1.1 TD 0.026 Tw [(occur)-20(s on p)83.9(.)0( 239.)]TJ 5 0 0 5 56.24 94.0301 Tm 0 Tw (9)Tj 10 0 0 10 62.75 90.63 Tm -0.01 Tc 0.145 Tw [(Suc)10.9(h a concer)-9.1(n is explicitly expr)18(essed in David McNaughton, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 27.951 0 TD 0 Tw [(Mor)88.9(a)-0.1(l)]TJ -29.736 -1.1 TD [(V)73(ision)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 2.853 0 TD 0.028 Tw [(\(Oxf)12(or)13(d: Blac)12.9(kw)13.9(ell, 1988\), 567. McNaughton is strong)26.9(ly influenced)]TJ -2.853 -1.1 TD 0.0259 Tw [(b)14(y)0( McDow)14.9(ell.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 65 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 43 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDo=Ur>'#Xj%>$Z_eeeFJ2/5fk.Hmd6P:`5]@\ear!Z3[Zn,B< =\c\><#:Q:p:nbl_@6?]s*,;,pA6Jfp?:h3a$C:bl42.B-d endstream endobj 69 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs -0.01 Tc 0.1081 Tw [(and its role in r)18.1(elation to bodies of)-458.2(moral principle)33.6(. He thinks that)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0726 Tw [(w)13.7(her)11(eas an obser)-10.8(v)20.2(ation in science can confirm a theory)127.5(,)0.1( because the)]TJ T* 0.0462 Tw [(theor)-18.1(y can better explain the observ)20.2(ation)22.8()20.3(s)0.1( being made than alterna-)]TJ T* 0.05 Tw [(tiv)20.1(es can, a moral obser)-7.3(v)20.1(ation cannot confirm a bod)20.9(y of)-406.4(moral prin-)]TJ T* -0.0035 Tw [(ciples)54.4(, because suc)16.2(h principles cannot explain the observ)20.9(ation)21.7()20.1(s)0( being)]TJ T* 0.0327 Tw [(made)28(. F)41.7(or Harman ther)15.3(e ar)10.8(e no moral f)15.3(acts to w)16.2(h)0(ic)10.8(h bodies of)-387.4(prin-)]TJ T* 0.0809 Tw [(ciple ar)13.6(e ans)16.3(w)12.7(erab)35.4(le)20.9(, and so no moral knowledge)32.7(, yet the c)16.3(laim that)]TJ T* 0.1626 Tw [(ther)11.8(e ar)10.9(e moral obser)-11.9(v)21(ations r)12.7(emains in place and, in an)21.8(y case)22.7(, is)52.7(,)]TJ T* 0.0845 Tw [(plausib)36.3(ly)127.2(, one to w)17.2(h)0.1(ic)10.9(h Harman is committed b)22.7(y)0( adopting the non-)]TJ T* 0.0781 Tw [(inf)11.8(er)10(entiality criterion. It is inter)23.6(esting to note that J)50(ohn McDow)16.3(ell)]TJ T* 0.0517 Tw [(makes use of)50.9(, w)14.5(hat is in ef)-8.2(f)10.4(ect, a notion of)-403.7(moral obser)-11.9(v)20.1(ation, in the)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(def)10.9(ence of)-382.8(the possibility of)-377.3(moral knowledge)33.6(. He writes:)]TJ 1.0309 -1.9091 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0009 Tw [(A kind per)-21.8(son can be r)8.2(e)0(lied on to behav)16.4(e kindly w)10(hen that is w)10(hat)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.1436 Tw [(the situation r)6.3(equir)9(es)36.3(. [T]hat the situation requir)9(es a cer)-11.9(tain)]TJ T* -0.029 Tw [(sor)-11(t of)-336.4(behaviour is \(one w)7.2(ay of)-338.3(f)10.3(orm)38.1(ulating\) his r)6.3(eason f)7.2(or behav-)]TJ T* 0.0963 Tw [(ing in that w)9(a)-0.1(y)126.3(,)0( on eac)7.2(h of)-461.9(the r)8.1(elev)19(ant occasions)33.6(. So it m)35.3(u)0(st be)]TJ T* -0.0272 Tw [(something of)-340.1(w)12.7(hic)9(h, on eac)7.2(h of)-338.3(the r)8.1(e)-0.1(lev)19(ant occasions)49(, he is a)14.5(w)12.7(ar)9(e)26.1(.)]TJ T* -0.0136 Tw [(A kind per)-21.9(son has a r)6.3(eliab)30.8(le sensiti)-8.3(vity to a cer)-12.8(tain sor)-12.8(t of)-351.9(r)9.6(equir)9(e-)]TJ T* -0.0163 Tw [(ment w)10.8(hic)9(h situations impose on behaviour)88.1(.)0.2( T)-17.4(he deli)-7.3(v)19.1(erances of)-351(a)]TJ T* 0.129 Tw [(r)9.6(eliab)31.7(le sensiti)-9.2(vity ar)8.1(e cases of)-497.3(knowledge; and there ar)8.1(e idioms)]TJ T* 0.2964 Tw [(accor)11.7(ding to w)10.8(hic)9(h the sensiti)-9.2(vity itself)-664.6(can appropriately be)]TJ T* 0.04 Tw [(described as knowledge: a kind per)-27.4(son knows w)10.8(hat it is like to be)]TJ T* 0.0318 Tw [(confronted with a requir)9(ement of)-400.1(kindness)35.4(. T)-17.4(he sensiti)-9.2(vity is)49.9(, w)11.7(e)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(might say)125.4(, a sor)-11.9(t of)-391(per)11.7(ceptual capacity)129(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 284.2 306.07 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj 11 0 0 11 85.04 281.32 Tm 0.13 Tw [(What make sense of)-498.2(the view that the sensiti)-5.5(vity in question is a)]TJ T* -0.0118 Tw [(per)13.6(ceptual capacity is the idea that it yields w)9.9(hat McDow)12.7(ell r)10(e)-18.4(gar)13.6(ds)]TJ T* 0.1463 Tw [(as true non-inf)10(er)9.1(ential moral judgments in r)9.1(esponse to witnessed)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(situations)37.2(.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.1363 Tw [(A unifying theme of)-507.3(McDow)11.8(ell)20(s w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)10(k)0( has been that ther)9(e ar)9.1(e)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0181 Tw [(kinds of)-387.3(knowledge w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h philosopher)-20(s hav)20.9(e not generally taken to)]TJ T* 0.0481 Tw [(be per)12.7(ceptual b)19.9(u)-0.1(t w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h, on c)10(loser analysis)51.8(, can be shown to be so)58.1(.)]TJ T* 0.0327 Tw [(In some of)-401.8(this w)19.9(o)-0.2(r)10(k)0( the non-inf)10.9(er)9.1(entialist view is f)10(air)20(ly evident, if)]TJ T* 0.0182 Tc 0.3727 Tw [(not exactly explicit. Addr)10(essing the other minds prob)22.7(lem,)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0099 Tw [(McDow)12.7(ell opposes the view that our best w)14.5(a)0.4(r)12.7(rant f)10(or a psyc)10(holog-)]TJ T* 0.0772 Tw [(ical judgement about another per)-18.2(son is def)10(easib)33.6(le evidence consti-)]TJ T* 0.0445 Tw [(tuted b)12.7(y)0( his behaviour and bodily cir)11.8(cumstances.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 348.56 153.07 Tm 0 Tw (7)Tj 11 0 0 11 354.79 149.32 Tm 0.0446 Tw [(He f)10(a)0(v)12.7(our)-19.1(s)]TJ /F3 1 Tf -24.5227 42.6536 TD 0.0264 Tw (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (76)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 144.09 323.15 -77.38 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 127.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc (6)Tj 10 0 0 10 103.16 123.63 Tm 0.1569 Tw [(J)41(ohn McDow)12.9(ell, Vir)-10(tue and Reason)19.9(, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 17.578 0 TD 0.157 Tw (The Monist)Tj /F3 1 Tf 5.503 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (62)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.042 0 TD 0 Tc 0.157 Tw (, 1979, 3312.)Tj -25.935 -1.1 TD 0.177 Tw [(What seems to be essentially the same view is outlined in McDow)13.9(ell)20(s)]TJ /F4 1 Tf T* 0.048 Tw [(Mind and W)114.9(o)0.1(r)27(l)0.1(d)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 7.42 0 TD [(\(Cambridge)19.9(, MA.: Har)-16.1(v)20(a)0(r)12.9(d)0( Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-19(sity Pr)9.9(ess)51.9(, 1994\). See)]TJ -7.42 -1.1 TD 0.026 Tw [(especially Lectur)10(e IV)158.9(, section 7.)]TJ 5 0 0 5 96.38 83.0301 Tm 0 Tw (7)Tj 10 0 0 10 102.19 79.63 Tm 0.0599 Tw [(J)41(ohn McDow)13.9(ell, Criteria, Def)11(easibility and Knowledge, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 25.727 0 TD 0 Tw [(Pr)32.9(oceedings)]TJ -27.442 -1.1 TD 0.026 Tw [(of)-393(the British Academy)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 10.203 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (68)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.042 0 TD 0 Tc 0.026 Tw [(, 1982, 45579. T)-16.1(he quotation occur)-20(s on p)83.9(.)0( 468.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 68 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 42 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDn=Ur=l$q,1:$i2pO([H=^)*h3(/lKc4T']u2nrN<'h\V+'>hPM8(r"]!_;[mg +;MCOj)e*45@;GT/;>V![slM'%a.tmkA8t9Bo3Q2Z^_2:p(G8<@I1/cWonqQVq&YR 92=Y+(;E@e4?`iIM+>10~> endstream endobj 72 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0.0627 Tw [(strict sense w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h is tied to appearances)38.1(. As w)13.6(e)0( shall see pr)10(esently)126.3(,)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0264 Tw [(it is also mor)11.8(e)0( liberal than the view w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)9(h I f)10.9(a)0(v)13.6(our)96.3(.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0362 Tw [(T)-15.3(he non-inf)9.1(er)10(entialist view crops up in discussions of)-408.2(a r)9.1(emar)10(k-)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.039 Tw [(ab)32.7(ly broad range of)-408.2(topics)36.3(. Her)10(e)0( is a passa)-10(ge dealing with obser)-17.3(v)20.1(a)-0.2(-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (tion)Tj 5.5 0 0 5.5 63.93 543.0701 Tm (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 69.95 539.3201 Tm 0.0263 Tw [(in science from a r)10.9(ecent book b)13.6(y)0( Rober)-10(t Brandom:)]TJ -1.2464 -1.4545 TD 0.1445 Tw [([I]t is impor)-9.1(tant to under)-20(stand that under the appropriate cir-)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0654 Tw [(cumstances)52.7(, w)11.8(h)0.1(ic)10(h inc)10(lude the pr)9.1(esence of)-435.5(a b)19(u)-0.3(b)29(b)33(le-c)10(hamber or)]TJ T* 0.1572 Tw [(similar device)20(, and f)10(or the right comm)39(unity of)-526.4(obser)-17.3(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)-20.9(s)52.4(, m)39(u)-0.1(-)]TJ T* 0.1682 Tw [(mesons ar)10(e literally obser)-15.5(v)20.1(a)0.1(b)32.7(lenon-inf)10(er)9.1(entially r)10.9(e)0(por)-9.1(t)0.3(ab)31.8(le in)]TJ T* 0.0163 Tw [(m)39.5(u)0.1(c)10(h)0( the same sense in w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)10(h r)10.9(ed things ar)10.9(e f)10(or the r)10.9(est of)-386.4(us)37.2(. It)]TJ T* 0.0036 Tc 0.3881 Tw [(is a mistake to think that w)19.9(hat is r)11.7(eally)128.1(, non-inf)11.8(er)9.9(entially)128.1(,)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1363 Tw [(obser)-17.3(v)20.1(ed is only the v)20(apour trail and that the pr)8.1(esence of)-505.5(m)38.6(u)-0.1(-)]TJ T* 0.0264 Tw (mesons is only )Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.6945 0 TD 0 Tw [(infer)13.6(r)39.6(e)-0.2(d)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.2482 0 TD (.)Tj 5.5 0 0 5.5 168.82 443.07 Tm (4)Tj 11 0 0 11 44.9 423.32 Tm -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw [(A similar line w)19.9(as taken m)42.6(u)0.1(c)10.9(h)-0.1( ear)21.8(lier b)15.4(y)0( Gilber)-6.4(t Harman in an influ)8.1(-)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0137 Tw [(ential discussion of)-337.3(obser)-15.5(v)20.1(ation and morality)139(. Harman takes it that an)]TJ T* 0.0291 Tw [(obser)-14.6(v)20.1(ation is an immediate judgment made in r)28.1(esponse to the situ)8.1(-)]TJ T* 0.2854 Tw [(ation without an)20.9(y conscious r)15.4(easoning having taken place.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 340.41 391.07 Tm -0.0111 Tc 0 Tw (5 )Tj 11 0 0 11 346.16 387.32 Tm -0.01 Tc (Like)Tj -27.3873 -1.0909 TD 0.059 Tw [(Brandom, he counts the scientist w)25.4(ho thinks)55.4(, T)-14.6(her)11.8(e g)10.9(oes a proton)23.6(,)]TJ T* -0.0044 Tw [(on looking at a v)26.2(apour trail in a c)17.1(loud c)12.6(hamber as)55.3(, ther)11.7(e)10.6(b)13.8(y)127.3(,)0( making an)]TJ T* 0.0836 Tw [(obser)-14.6(v)20.1(ation, since the judgment in question is not inf)27.2(er)10.9(ential and is)]TJ T* -0.0055 Tc 0.3864 Tw [(an immediate \(per)10.8(ception-prompted\) r)7.2(esponse to the situation.)]TJ T* -0.01 Tc 0.1682 Tw [(Harman notes another striking implication. In the absence of)-503.7(an)13.6(y)]TJ T* 0.2581 Tw [(ad)10.9(ditional r)13.6(efinements)56.3(, the view implies that ther)19.1(e can be moral)]TJ T* 0.1891 Tw [(obser)-14.6(v)20.1(ations)54.5(, since judgments as to the rightness or wrongness of)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0.3764 Tw [(some witnessed action can be phenomenologically immediate)41.7(.)]TJ T* -0.01 Tc 0.0118 Tw [(W)41(itnessing a vicious assault it may simply strike y)41.8(ou that it is wrong)54.5(.)]TJ T* 0.0255 Tw [(Y)80.8(ou need not r)14.4(eason that since the action takes a cer)6.2(tain f)12.6(orm, speci-)]TJ T* 0.2263 Tw [(fied in morally neutral terms)64.5(, and since actions of)-576.4(that f)11.8(o)-0.1(rm ar)12.7(e)]TJ T* 0.1008 Tw [(wrong)36.3(, this action is wrong; y)30(ou just see that it is)47.2(. Admittedly)130.9(,)0( it is)]TJ T* 0.0227 Tw [(par)-8.2(t of)-379.1(Harman)21.8()20.2(s)0( aim to make out that ther)22.7(e is an important distinc)5.4(-)]TJ T* 0.1227 Tw [(tion betw)17.2(een the role of)-474.6(obser)-15.5(v)21(ation in r)14.5(elation to scientific theor)-9.1(y)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.6955 36.29 TD 0 Tc 0.0263 Tw [(T)16.2(he Scope of)-418.2(P)45(e)0.1(r)16.3(c)-0.3(e)15.4(ptual Kno)22.7(wledg)15.4(e)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 357.63 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (75)Tj ET 1 g 44.9 209.29 323.15 -142.58 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 204.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc (3)Tj 10 0 0 10 61.67 200.63 Tm 0.022 Tw [(F)40(or the pur)-25(poses of)-392(this paper I shall take obser)-17(v)20(ation and per)13(ception)]TJ -1.677 -1.1 TD 0.067 Tw [(to amount to the same thing)36.9(, b)19.9(ut I do not wish to ex)15.9(c)10(lude the possibility)]TJ T* 0.057 Tw [(that in some contexts)52.9(, f)11(or example)20.9(, an analysis of)-425(the notion of)-426(obser)-17.1(v)20(a)0(-)]TJ T* -0.01 Tw [(tion used b)11.9(y)0( scientists)52(, ther)9.9(e might be r)8.9(eason to distinguish betw)11.9(een them.)]TJ 5 0 0 5 56.24 160.03 Tm 0 Tw (4)Tj 10 0 0 10 64.75 156.63 Tm 0.33 Tw [(Rober)-10.1(t Brandon, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 8.327 0 TD (Making It Explicit)Tj /F2 1 Tf 9.274 0 TD [(\(Cambridge)19.9(, MA.: Har)-16.1(v)20(a)0(r)12.9(d)]TJ -19.586 -1.1 TD 0.026 Tw [(Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-19(sity Pr)10(ess)52(, 1994\), 223.)]TJ 5 0 0 5 56.24 138.0301 Tm 0 Tw (5)Tj 10 0 0 10 65.42 134.6301 Tm 0.011 Tc 0.38 Tw [(Gilber)-11(t Harman, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 8.619 0 TD [(The Na)-14.1(tur)39(e of)-759(Mor)86.9(ality)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 12.221 0 TD [(\(New Y)78.9(o)0(r)8.9(k: Oxf)9(or)11.9(d)]TJ -22.892 -1.1 TD 0 Tc 0.035 Tw [(Uni)-6(v)20(e)0(r)-19(sity Pr)10(ess)52(, 1977\), 6. T)-14.1(he quoted passa)-9.1(ge leav)19.9(es room f)11(or the possi-)]TJ T* 0.104 Tw [(bility that the judgment r)9.9(esults from inf)9(er)9.9(ence w)12.9(hic)9.9(h is not conscious)35.9(. I)]TJ T* 0.027 Tw [(shall not make an)12.9(ything of)-397(this possibility in w)11.9(hat f)10(ollows and so will talk)]TJ T* 0.139 Tw [(without qualification of)-507(judgments or beliefs being inf)11(er)10(ential or other-)]TJ T* 0.213 Tw [(wise)26.9(. I shall take inf)9(er)10(ential beliefs or judgments to be the termini of)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(transitions from beliefs/judgments to beliefs/judgments)37(.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 71 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 41 0 obj <> endobj 76 0 obj <>stream 8;ZDm;%A44$q%T*"`p5+#d'q[P9ANtLo=[fY+Gg'B!83$W./leC;XW[+QlPucK7An DBS*f)79@.f[k4el56PplfS(%VsgN4E-e10f"MEUpN+\63untib]Z5@b![T8S0u!f IJ'^e'$_@Sej2=p^s7>uIKiL):/"D5mtYL='di8E"B)kV4ZsV_\r\^oGU_N,9>V,; LT!!o[qb92;OpIj9q?Y`+bd7@k83>B>G`S,\<`5BK^$2u`//V^YrG+k\t*^B9$*t^ JEq;sd5c8EUa' endstream endobj 75 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 85.04 587.3201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs -0.0055 Tc 0.0182 Tw [(per)12.6(ceptually that something is a bottle of)-394.6(milk then it simply strikes)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0308 Tw [(y)20.1(ou that this is so on seeing it. Y)73.6(ou do not inf)8.2(er that it is so from an)]TJ T* 0.0936 Tw [(assumption to the ef)-18.2(f)10.4(ect that it looks a cer)-16.3(tain w)10.9(a)0(y)131.8(.)0.1( In this context)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(inf)9(er)9(ence is r)8.1(easoning on the subject)15.4(s par)-11.9(t)-0.4(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 290.94 555.0701 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 11 0 0 11 85.04 535.3201 Tm 0.1281 Tw [(I accept eac)10.9(h of)-497.3(these assumptions)38.1(. What inter)10(ests me is the f)11.8(act)]TJ T* 0.09 Tw (that \(2\) and \(3\) place a significant constraint on adequate elucida-)Tj T* 0.05 Tw [(tions of)-420(\(1\). \(2\) allows us to count the knowledge that the object is)]TJ T* 0.0472 Tw [(a bottle of)-417.3(milk as per)11.8(ceptual, despite its embracing mor)8.1(e than the)]TJ T* 0.0318 Tw [(w)12.7(ay the object looks)52.7(, b)19.9(ut granted \(3\) this knowledge had better not)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(tur)-12.8(n)0( out to be inf)10.9(er)10(ential. )]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.3182 Tw [(Crucial to the per)-18.2(specti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( I wish to def)11.8(end is a distinction)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.2263 Tw [(betw)12.7(een f)9.1(acts w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h w)11.7(e)0( know per)12.7(ceptually and f)9.1(acts w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h ar)10(e)19.8(,)]TJ T* 0.0755 Tw [(strictly speaking)33.6(, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 7.7964 0 TD [(per)46.3(c)0.2(eptuall)20(y manifest)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 9.2864 0 TD 0.0753 Tw [(to us)36.3(. Per)11.8(ceptually manif)10(est)]TJ -17.0827 -1.0909 TD 0.0336 Tw [(f)10.4(acts concer)-13.7(n only the w)12.7(ay things appear)90(, b)20.9(ut, in line with \(2\), per-)]TJ T* 0.0936 Tw [(ceptual knowledge can embrace mor)9.1(e than the per)11.8(ceptually mani-)]TJ T* 0.0608 Tw [(f)10.4(est. One of)-431.8(m)23.2(y)0( main aims is to elucidate \(1\) in a manner w)10.8(h)0.1(ic)10(h is)]TJ T* 0.1326 Tw [(consistent with \(2\) and \(3\). I w)11.8(ant to steer a cour)-20(se betw)12.7(een tw)19(o)]TJ T* 0.2845 Tw [(conflicting tendencies w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9(h r)10.9(emain influential in philosophical)]TJ T* 0.1872 Tw [(thinking about per)12.7(ceptual knowledge)26.3(. One of)-559.1(these is associated)]TJ T* 0.11 Tw [(with empiricism in its c)9(lassic f)10(orms)37.2(.)0( It happily r)9.1(ecogniz)-12.8(es a strict)]TJ T* 0.1263 Tw [(conception of)-494.6(the per)12.7(ceptually manif)10(est, limits per)14.5(ceptual knowl-)]TJ T* -0.0299 Tw [(edge to f)10.9(acts w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)9.1(h ar)10.9(e per)13.6(ceptually manif)10(est in this strict sense)20.9(, and)]TJ T* 0.06 Tw [(tr)10(eats f)10(acts as to how things appear as evidence from w)17.2(h)0.1(ic)9(h judge-)]TJ T* 0.2681 Tw [(ments w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h g)9(o)0.1( bey)20(ond w)12.7(hat is per)12.7(ceptually manif)9.1(est m)39(ust be)]TJ T* -0.0309 Tw [(inf)10(er)12.7(r)9.6(e)0.1(d. F)40.8(or ease of)-338.2(r)9.6(e)0.2(f)10(e)0.4(r)9.1(ence I shall call this)53.6(, without qualification,)]TJ /F4 1 Tf T* 0.2854 Tw [(the empiricist vie)-21.9(w)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 8.3445 0 TD 0.2853 Tw [(, though I r)9.1(ecogniz)-12.8(e that ther)10(e ar)9.1(e f)10(orms of)]TJ -8.3445 -1.0909 TD 0.0399 Tw [(empiricism w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e less auster)11.8(e)27.1(.)0.3( T)-16.4(he other tendency is mor)11.8(e lib-)]TJ T* -0.0054 Tw [(eral and has been prominent in r)11.8(ecent philosoph)39(y)132.8(.)0( It holds that per-)]TJ T* 0.2409 Tw [(ceptual knowledge that p is an)13.6(y knowledge that p w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h arises)]TJ T* 0.259 Tw [(immediately from cur)12.7(r)10.5(ent per)12.7(ception, that is)52.7(, without inf)10(er)10(ence)]TJ T* 0.0827 Tw [(from prior assumptions)36.3(. I shall call this)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 18.0073 0 TD [(the non-infer)40(entialist vie)-20.9(w)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 11.0782 0 TD 0 Tw (.)Tj -29.0855 -1.0909 TD 0.0327 Tw [(Note that this view does mor)11.8(e than endor)-19.1(se \(3\). \(3\) states only that)]TJ T* -0.0064 Tw [(if)-362.8(knowledge is per)11.8(ceptual then it is phenomenologically immediate)]TJ T* 0.0236 Tw [(and arises from per)12.7(ception. T)-16.4(he non-inf)9.1(er)10(entialist view entails that)]TJ T* 0.1845 Tw [(if)-554.6(knowledge is phenomenologically immediate and arises out of)]TJ T* 0.1081 Tw [(per)13.6(ception then it is per)13.6(ceptual knowledge)26.3(. T)-15.5(his view is cer)-10(tainly)]TJ T* 0.06 Tw [(mor)10(e liberal than the empiricist view)132.7(, because it allows us to know)]TJ T* 0.0163 Tw [(mor)10(e per)12.7(ceptually than f)10(acts w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h ar)10(e per)12.7(ceptually manif)10(est in the)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 43.5627 TD 0.0264 Tw (Alan Millar)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.04 43.75 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (74)Tj ET 1 g 85.04 132.76 323.15 -66.05 re 95.459 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 96.38 127.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tc (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 102.16 123.63 Tm 0.057 Tw [(I take it that r)11(easoning occur)-19(s both w)13.9(hen one consider)-20.1(s pr)10.9(emises and)]TJ -1.712 -1.1 TD 0.106 Tw [(dra)16.9(ws conc)9.9(lusions from them, b)18.9(ut also w)11.9(hen one makes a transition un-)]TJ T* 0.169 Tw [(r)10(eflecti)-6(v)20(ely from a set of)-539(beliefs to some other belief)56(. I emphasise that)]TJ T* 0.133 Tw [(r)10(easoning is )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 5.684 0 TD [(on the subjects par)28(t)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 8.997 0 TD [(since inf)10(er)9.9(ence in the intended sense is)]TJ -14.681 -1.1 TD 0.08 Tw [(something people do and not something w)14.9(hic)9.9(h their sub-per)-19.1(sonal cogni-)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(ti)-6(v)20(e)0( systems do)59.9(. )]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 74 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 40 0 obj <> endobj 79 0 obj <>stream 8;Z\7#nDVB#iu"-j?%/:`W@0,$//*s&n;m")33.fr5\8Ykd]]LN6d?.cMB8dOCKd# lO0*3)5I!HOH.#VjXKQ[W3%N[_0es8#))D[\N7?i\,4=.e1!GqZ;0R%5r.9o=j@&[ VfcHtA>c_A1buKIctV*_VB,.:'gmRJaQ2W.?;8X*=oh;DZYf^tPX30(SW<#0Me@0O d6qb2U\*B]C-74AD!iJsnU3`Ao[gXSEKkRX8P?t7GV0iQl^[1NV7kQA,=lGHHo7]U 0Q<4:X58EoWp80Ii#_n6IdC99/l(bm_)g9*N=G@p!1/PTNr~> endstream endobj 78 0 obj <>stream q 1 i 0 660 453 -660 re 0 660 m W n 0.12 660.12 452.88 -660 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 44.9 581.8101 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs -0.0001 Tc 0.0278 Tw (The Scope of Perceptual Knowledge)Tj /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 44.9 549.8101 Tm 0.1045 Tc 0.0263 Tw (ALAN MILLAR)Tj /F3 1 Tf 14.4855 -3.2727 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (I)Tj /F2 1 Tf -14.4855 -2.1818 TD -0.019 Tw [(Seeing)34.5(,)0.1( hearing)33.6(,)-0.1( f)10(eeling)33.6(, smelling or tasting that something is so)27.2(, ar)10(e)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.1845 Tw [(all f)10.9(orms of)-553.7(sense-per)12.7(ceptual knowledge \(w)13.6(hic)9.1(h)0(, her)10(eafter)90.9(, I call)]TJ T* 0.0327 Tw [(simply per)13.6(ceptual knowledge\). I shall be concer)-12.8(ned with per)13.6(ceptu-)]TJ T* 0.0227 Tw (al knowledge in its)Tj /F4 1 Tf 8.46 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(primar)20.1(y)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.6809 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0227 Tw [(sense on w)11.8(h)0.1(ic)10(h it satisfies the f)8.1(ollowing)]TJ -12.1409 -1.0909 TD 0.0345 Tw [(per)13.6(cei)-5.5(v)19.2(ed-object condition: If)-404.6(y)20.1(ou per)12.7(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(e)0( that A is an F \(or is G\))]TJ T* 0.1153 Tw [(then y)20(ou per)13.6(cei)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0.1( A. T)-15.5(her)10(e ar)10(e conceptions of)-484.6(per)12.7(ceptual knowl-)]TJ T* 0.0554 Tw [(edge on w)13.6(h)0.1(ic)10(h this condition is not met. Dr)11.8(etske)20(, f)10.9(or example)20(,)0( has)]TJ T* -0.0318 Tw [(suggested that ther)10.9(e is a sense of)-336.4(seeing that on w)14.5(h)0.1(ic)10(h a traf)-12.8(fic of)-12.8(fi-)]TJ T* 0.1099 Tw [(cer may see that a dri)-6.4(v)20.1(er w)12.7(as ex)11.8(ceeding the speed limit b)12.7(y)0( seeing)]TJ T* -0.0182 Tw [(that tyr)10.9(e mar)10(k)-0.2(s)52.7(,)0( produced b)13.6(y)0.1( sud)9.9(den braking action, ar)10.9(e of)-351.9(a cer)-9.1(tain)]TJ T* 0.1654 Tw [(length. T)-15.5(hough in this sense the of)-10.9(ficer sees that the dri)-5.5(v)20.1(er w)12.7(a)0.4(s)]TJ T* -0.0173 Tw [(ex)13.6(ceeding the limit, he need not see the dri)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0.4(r)97.2(.)]TJ 5.5 0 0 5.5 265.62 361.56 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 11 0 0 11 271.16 357.81 Tm -0.0173 Tw (I shall not take issue)Tj -20.5691 -1.0909 TD -0.0391 Tw [(with this w)12.7(ay of)-331.8(thinking)47.2(. Granted that the knowledge illustrated b)10.9(y)]TJ T* 0.0745 Tw [(Dr)10(etske)20(s example is)51.8(, in some sense)18.1(, per)12.7(ceptual, it c)9(lear)19.1(ly depends)]TJ T* 0.089 Tw [(on per)12.7(ceptual knowledge w)11.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h satisfies the per)11.8(cei)-5.5(v)20.1(ed-object con-)]TJ T* 0.2845 Tw [(dition. Dr)10(etske)20.9(s traf)-12.8(fic of)-12.8(ficer r)9.1(elies on knowing that the tyr)10(e)]TJ T* 0.0262 Tw [(mar)10(ks)52.7(, w)12.7(h)0.1(ic)10(h he sees)51.8(, ar)10.9(e of)-396.4(a cer)-9.1(tain length.)]TJ 1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0063 Tw [(Ev)20.9(en with the r)8.1(estriction to per)11.8(ceptual knowledge in the primar)-20.9(y)]TJ -1.0309 -1.0909 TD 0.0163 Tw [(sense ther)10(e is a substanti)-6.4(v)20.1(e)0( issue concer)-13.7(ning the scope of)-386.4(per)12.7(ceptu-)]TJ T* 0.1899 Tw [(al knowledge)27.2(. A plausib)33.6(le w)12.7(ay of)-560(concei)-5.5(ving of)-560(suc)10(h knowledge)]TJ T* 0.0264 Tw [(tr)10(eats it as satisfying at least the f)11.8(ollowing conditions:)]TJ 0 -1.6364 TD 0.0936 Tw [(1\) It is knowledge about things from the w)10.8(ay they appear)89.1(, that is)50.9(,)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.1218 Tw [(from the w)13.6(ay they look, sound, f)11.8(eel, smell or taste)28.1(. So)28.1(, if)-490.9(w)13.6(e)0( can)]TJ T* 0.1936 Tw [(know visually that something is)50.9(, say)126.3(, a bottle of)-564.6(milk, then that)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw (knowledge is knowledge )Tj /F4 1 Tf 10.8927 0 TD [(fr)32.7(om the w)20.8(a)12.8(y the thing looks)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 11.8091 0 TD 0 Tw (.)Tj -22.7018 -1.0909 TD -0.0155 Tw [(\(2\) It can embrace mor)11.8(e than f)10.9(acts per)-10(taining only to the w)14.5(ay things)]TJ T* 0.0163 Tw [(appear)97.2(. Sur)10.9(ely w)13.6(e)0( might know visually that something is a bottle of)]TJ T* -0.0318 Tw [(milk from the w)11.7(ay it looks)37.2(. If)-339.1(so then our knowledge embraces mor)8.1(e)]TJ T* 0.1973 Tw [(than knowledge mer)10.9(e)-0.1(ly of)-566.4(the w)13.6(ay the object in question looks)52.7(,)]TJ T* 0.0345 Tw [(since the f)10(act that something is a bottle of)-405.5(milk is not a f)10(act mer)9.1(ely)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(about the w)13.6(ay the thing looks)38.1(.)]TJ T* -0.0055 Tc 0.1337 Tw [(\(3\) It is phenomenologically immediate)10.8(, in the sense that it is not)]TJ T* 0.0054 Tc 0.3808 Tw [(acquir)9.9(ed via inf)9(er)9.9(ence from prior assumptions)35.4(. If)-756.4(y)20(ou know)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 44.9 43.75 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Philosoph)21.9(y )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 4.881 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (75)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.329 0 TD 0 Tc [(2000)-22979.1(73)]TJ ET 1 g 44.9 93.07 323.15 -26.36 re 368.049 43.75 m f* BT 5 0 0 5 56.24 83.0301 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 63.08 79.63 Tm 0.163 Tw [(F)27(r)11(ed Dr)9.9(etske)19.9(, )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 6.654 0 TD [(Seeing and Kno)-20.1(wing)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 9.429 0 TD [(\(London: Routledge and K)-8.1(e)-18(gan)]TJ -17.901 -1.1 TD 0.026 Tw (Paul, 1969\), 153.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 77 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 80 0 obj <> endobj 81 0 obj <> endobj 82 0 obj <> endobj xref 0 83 0000000000 65535 f 0000000015 00000 n 0000000060 00000 n 0000043251 00000 n 0000000119 00000 n 0000036683 00000 n 0000030052 00000 n 0000022722 00000 n 0000015753 00000 n 0000009016 00000 n 0000000215 00000 n 0000004851 00000 n 0000001347 00000 n 0000000357 00000 n 0000000736 00000 n 0000000784 00000 n 0000008029 00000 n 0000007095 00000 n 0000006105 00000 n 0000004955 00000 n 0000005702 00000 n 0000005041 00000 n 0000006915 00000 n 0000007848 00000 n 0000008845 00000 n 0000015649 00000 n 0000009582 00000 n 0000009157 00000 n 0000022618 00000 n 0000016342 00000 n 0000015894 00000 n 0000029948 00000 n 0000023316 00000 n 0000022863 00000 n 0000036579 00000 n 0000030641 00000 n 0000030193 00000 n 0000043147 00000 n 0000037260 00000 n 0000036824 00000 n 0000104233 00000 n 0000097876 00000 n 0000090897 00000 n 0000084305 00000 n 0000077747 00000 n 0000070943 00000 n 0000064055 00000 n 0000057300 00000 n 0000050393 00000 n 0000043381 00000 n 0000050289 00000 n 0000043996 00000 n 0000043523 00000 n 0000057196 00000 n 0000050981 00000 n 0000050535 00000 n 0000063961 00000 n 0000057873 00000 n 0000057442 00000 n 0000070839 00000 n 0000064621 00000 n 0000064197 00000 n 0000077643 00000 n 0000071529 00000 n 0000071085 00000 n 0000084201 00000 n 0000078353 00000 n 0000077889 00000 n 0000090793 00000 n 0000084891 00000 n 0000084447 00000 n 0000097772 00000 n 0000091490 00000 n 0000091039 00000 n 0000104129 00000 n 0000098453 00000 n 0000098018 00000 n 0000109870 00000 n 0000104828 00000 n 0000104375 00000 n 0000109984 00000 n 0000110733 00000 n 0000110911 00000 n trailer <<385F7E52BF5214F7491E92A38546597E>] >> startxref 111157 %%EOF